WordPress Favicon Guide How to Create One and Add It to Your Site

Searching for a simple method to add a WordPress favicon to your site?A favicon is the minuscule picture you’ll see at the left-hand side of any program tab. As a matter of course, your site will just incorporate a nonexclusive picture, so it’s up to you to include something custom. Doing this will enable your site to show up increasingly reliable, help with your marking, and make your pages simpler to identify.In this post, well beginning with a brisk clarification for why you should set aside the effort to utilize a WordPress favicon. At that point we’ll tell you the best way to make one, and offer some guidance for doing so viably. Let’s get the chance to work! This picture †the favicon †recognizes the site being referred to. You’veâ probably never really thought about them, givenâ their pervasiveness. In any case, when you make your own site, it won’t have its own custom favicon. Rather, your pages’ tabs will highlight a common default image:These symbols are dull, not truly important, and can make your site put on a show of being amateurish. In this manner, making a custom WordPress favicon is one of the primary things you’ll need to accomplish for your site.Using a cautiously picked favicon likewise makes your pages simpler for clients to distinguish. Besides, it assumes a job in guaranteeing your webpage is important, just as fortifying your branding.Its additionally not that hard to add a favicon to WordPress, making this extraordinary compared to other low hanging organic product moves you can make for your site.How to add a favicon to your WordPress site (in 3 steps)Throughout the following scarcely any areas, we’re going to examine how you can make a WordPress favicon and add it to your site. Let’s get started!Step 1: Plan out your favicon’s designBefore really making and transferring your favicon, it pays to do a touch of arranging. This little picture will spea k to you and your site, so you don’t need to rush something out in a hurry.The first thing you’ll need to do is conclude whether to utilize existing symbolism or make something new. For instance, on the off chance that you as of now have a logo precisely speaking to your site or business, you might need to utilize it as your favicon.However, remember that favicons are extremely little, and consequently can’t contain a lot of detail. On the off chance that your current logo is mind boggling, it will probably should be improved so as to glance great in a program tab.On the other hand, you can likewise make a totally new picture. It’s still best to utilize components of your site’s or business’ brandingâ here. This implies deciding to fuse hues, textual styles, or potentially symbols that are as of now a piece of your bigger website’s design.It can help at this phase to portray out certain opportunities for your favicon, either on paper or in a basic picture altering program. Recollect †your structure should be exceptionally straightforward, exclude pointless components, and outwardly speak to your image at a glance.Step 2: Create your faviconOnce you’ve chose a plan idea, it’s time to really make the favicon picture. On the off chance that you’re utilizing a current logo, and you’re sufficiently fortunate to have an unmistakable, improved form available, this progression is simple.Otherwise, you’ll need to structure your favicon. There are a couple of ways you can move toward this task:Hire a fashioner to make it for you. This may appear needless excess for such a little and essential picture, yet going through a minimal expenditure can bring about a more excellent, proficient outcome. Furthermore, the creator might have the option to offer exhortation about how to upgrade and size your picture for different conveyance methods.Design your favicon without any preparation, ut ilizing a program, for example, Photoshop. In the event that you have strong structure aptitudes †or extra time †making your favicon by hand offers you complete control.Use a favicon maker to smooth out the procedure. On the off chance that you don’t need to recruit an ace, yet aren’t open to doing everything yourself, there are a lot of instruments that can help overcome any barrier. Many are free, and let you either plan your favicon utilizing a clear layout, or transfer and alter a previous image.With the last point as a primary concern, Faviconer is a straightforward in-program device that can land the position done:You’ll even observe your structure in the program tab for the site, telling you what it will resemble in context.Other advantages of these favicon creation instruments are the assistance youll get in keeping your picture basic, and the different estimating alternatives youll approach. Programs and gadgets shift, yet most require favicon s to be 16 x 16 or 32 x 32 pixels. This implies you can make a bigger picture (512 x 512 pixels is standard for WordPress), and scale it down as necessary.Step 3: Add your WordPress favicon to your site and improve itOnce you have a favicon all set, there are a couple of ways you can add it to your site.Use the WordPress Customizer Fine for most usesThe least complex is to explore to Appearance Customize in your dashboard, and select the Site Identity tab:Along with some essential alternatives, you’ll discover a segment here called Site Icon. Here, you can transfer a 512 x 512 pixel adaptation of your picture, to be utilized as both a favicon and portable application icon.Use a free module Ensures similarity with all devicesWhile the above procedure works completely fine, it’s worth remembering that your WordPress favicon will be shown over a wide scope of gadgets. This incorporates a gigantic assortment of screen sizes and resolutions.If you need to improve the odds o f your favicon being shown in an ideal manner regardless of how it’s saw, it might merit introducing a module, for example, Favicon by RealFaviconGenerator: Favicon by RealFaviconGenerator Author(s): Philippe BernardCurrent Version: 1.3.15Last Updated: February 15, 2019favicon-by-realfavicongenerator.zip 100%Ratings 1,261,153Downloads WP 3.5+Requires This module encourages you rapidly produce numerous renditions of your favicon, upgraded for different programs, gadgets, etc. In the event that you explore to the new Appearance Favicon segment of your WordPress dashboard in the wake of introducing the module, you’ll have the option to transfer an ace image:Then you’ll be taken to a page where you can redo your favicon for various uses:You’ll discover a lot of recommendations here for approaches to change every rendition of your WordPress favicon. You can even transfer totally new pictures to use on specific gadgets if your lord picture isn’t appropri ate. Additionally, you’ll see sneak peaks of what your favicon will resemble in different contexts.After, you can choose the catch at the base of the page to produce your favicons and come back to your dashboard:Overall, in the event that you need to guarantee your favicon speaks to your image well regardless of the end gadget, it pays to find a way to guarantee it’s completely optimized.ConclusionIt can be anything but difficult to concentrate such a great amount on the huge parts of structuring your site, for example, picking a topic and building pages, that you disregard the littler subtleties. Counting a straightforward, yet successful WordPress favicon is critical on the off chance that you don’t need your pages to glance conventional in program tabs and on portable devices.As youve seen, the way toward assembling a WordPress favicon just takes three steps:Plan out your favicon’s design.Create your favicon, without any preparation or utilizing a crea tion apparatus, for example, Faviconer.Add your WordPress favicon to your site and streamline it, utilizing the WordPress Customizer or a module like Favicon by RealFaviconGenerator.Do you have any inquiries concerning how to plan or advance your WordPress favicon? Ask away in the remarks area underneath! Need to add a favicon to your #WordPress site? Here's all that you have to know

Australia Pestle Essays

Australia Pestle Essays Australia Pestle Essay Australia Pestle Essay Australia and Fosters Well in the first place Australia, worldâ„ ¢s littlest continentâ ¦came into worlâ„ ¢d see in 1901 when the six states united and turned into the Commonwealth of Australia. World of politics Kind of Government framework:- The type of government utilized in Australia is a Constitutional Monarchy â€Å" Constitutionalâ„ ¢ in light of the fact that the forces and techniques of the Commonwealth Government are characterized by a composed constitution, and Monarchyâ„ ¢ on the grounds that Australiaâ„ ¢s Head of State is Queen Elizabeth II. In Australia rule making powers are circulated between the Commonwealth, six States and two Territories: New South Wales, (NSW) Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and Northern Territory (see map â€Å" Norfolk Island Territory has likewise been given some nearby principle making powers by the national government) (Australiaâ„ ¢s government framework is a liberal just one a political framework that has free races, an assortment of ideological groups, political choices made through an autonomous lawmaking body, and an autonomous legal executive, with a state imposing business model on law authorization , in short a framework working in light of a legitimate concern for the residents.) Control structure of Australia:- The Australian government structure is very concentrated as significant regions, for example, tax collection, barrier, remote issues, postal and broadcast communications administrations are overseen by the national government while rest of the issues, for example, police, medical clinics, instruction and open vehicle are dealt with by the state and nearby government. Advantage of centralization Things run all the more easily and choices take less time. There is solid force halfway found so issues are simply out and out quickly executed. Brought together government implies that one body settles on all the significant choices for the country or state, and handles all responsibiliites, it is best for littler countries that dont have a lot of an area to control, in this manner must keep everything tight and concentrated. Ideological groups:- Three ideological groups command the focal point of the Australian political range. 1) The Liberal Party (LP), ostensibly speaking to urban business interests, and its littler alliance accomplice. 2) The Nationals, ostensibly speaking to rustic interests, are the more preservationist parties. 3) The Australian Labor Party ostensibly speaks to laborers, worker's guilds, and left-of-focus gatherings. Julia Gillard Prime Minister of Australia â€Å" Member of which party What is that partyâ„ ¢s ethics and how it would affect the nation Monetary Environment For Australia, the terms of exchange are at their most elevated level since the mid 1950s, and national salary is developing unequivocally subsequently. In the family area up to this point, there keeps on being a level of alert in spending and acquiring, which has prompted an observable increment in the sparing rate. Resource esteems have commonly been minimal changed over ongoing months and by and large credit development remains very stifled, despite proof of some more prominent ability to loan. Work development has been solid over the previous year, however some driving markers propose an increasingly moderate pace of extension in the period ahead. After the huge decay a year ago, development in compensation has gotten to some degree, as had been normal. Some further increment is likely over the coming year. From 1980â„ ¢s numerous basic changes were seen which changed Australia from a traditionalist, profoundly ensured and managed commercial center to an open, globally serious, send out arranged economy. Since the 1980s, Australia has attempted noteworthy auxiliary change of its economy and has changed itself from an internal looking, profoundly ensured, and controlled commercial center to an open, universally serious, trade arranged economy. Numerous financial changes were attempted bringing about monetary progression for the nation. They were:- 1) Unilaterally lessening high taxes and other defensive hindrances to unhindered commerce 2) Floating the Australian Dollar The upsides of coasting rates incorporate programmed adjustment of the conversion standard. Skimming rates offer more prominent adaptability of exchange Should take clarification on the idea of Floating cash 3) Deregulating the budgetary administrations division including changing access for remote banks 4) Reforming the tax collection framework including presenting an expansive based Goods and Services Tax (GST) and huge decreases in personal assessment rates. Australia is a blended economy, with significant state-claimed endeavors in correspondences, transport, banking, vitality age and wellbeing administrations, just as exclusive ventures in similar regions. In the same way as entrepreneur economies, for example, the UK and New Zealand, Australian governments are lessening these exercises by privatizing state-worked organizations. (Australias economy is ruled by its administrations area, yet its monetary achievement depends on bounty of horticultural and mineral assets. Australias similar bit of leeway in the fare of essential items is an impression of the regular abundance of the Australian landmass and its little household advertise. (Ecological BACKGROUND POINT) Social Environment Australia has a different culture and way of life. It reflects liberal vote based customs and qualities. This different culture is a result of a great many transients who are settled in Australia from quite a while. At the point when individuals relocate to new place they spread their way of life and information too. Australia is an exceptional mix of various conventions and societies. Australiaâ„ ¢s unique occupants were the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people groups; they have been living in Australia for at any rate 60,000 years. The remainder of the Australia has transients or relatives of vagrants who have shown up in Australia from all over the globe. In the year 1945, Australiaâ„ ¢s populace was around 7 million, however today it is in excess of 21 million individuals. These vagrants have enhanced Australian culture; it has impacted conventional traditions, way of life, training framework, culture and expressions. It has turned society from various perspectives making a more extensive standpoint. The characterizing highlight of Australia isn't just its assorted variety yet it is the degree to which they are joined in spite of contrasts in culture. Australian laws permit everybody to communicate their way of life and customs. Throughout the years the rate at which the GDP of Australia has improved, GPI for example Certifiable Progress Indicator mirrored a negligible development. So what is the trick in this point This shows higher financial development and social development didnâ„ ¢t go connected at the hip. Its high monetary development didn't have a lot of effect on the government assistance and personal satisfaction of Australians. A review if Australia unquestionably gives a decent view with better quality of living and longer futures anyway this is valid for specific gatherings in Australian culture. While scanning for the subtleties I was searching for some positive notes yet ran over this information which changes the mentality and gives an entirely unexpected perspective on Social envt of Australia. There are as yet certain gatherings in Australian culture under the weight of joblessness, destitution, vagrancy and insufficient lodging, instruction and wellbeing. Socio-segment change is a significant factor supporting a considerable lot of the patterns and issues investigated in the accompanying pages. Australiaâ„ ¢s populace is maturing, progressively portable, increasingly more dependent on abroad relocation for populace development as richness rates decay, and sorted out in progressively differing ways with a fall in generally family size and development in assorted family what's more, family unit developments. Migration Australia has one of the most elevated movement paces of every created nation, and has supported high migration for the vast majority of the previous 60 years Generally, Australia has depended on migration to continue financial development For most enterprises, populace development implies advertise development, and a few businesses, especially the private development industry, have a solid enthusiasm for high migration levels. Indeed, even the administration discovers migration alluring it helps keep the populace youthful, accordingly keeping up a high extent of duty paying working Australians and a nearly lower number of more seasoned Australians drawing annuities and medicinal services benefits. Maturing POPULATION A maturing populace can significantly affect society in Australia. In one of the sources it was referenced that continuously 2027, there will be a stamped increment in the quantity of Australians more than sixty four years old. Another reason for Australiaâ„ ¢s maturing populace is improved futures. The primary positive monetary impact on the Australian economy will be financial development and extension. As more established ages inclination to spare more as interests in money related area will go about as an infusion into the economy making the economy extend. The second positive financial impact on the Australian economy will be expanded government spending which will prompt monetary development It is critical to consider the negative impacts that a maturing populace could offer ascent to. Which is only a sign of ascend in joblessness a negative sign for any economy. Australias populace, similar to that of most created nations, is maturing because of supported low richness and expanding future. This is bringing about relatively less youngsters (under 15 years old) in the populace. Throughout the following quite a few years, populace maturing is anticipated to have critical ramifications for Australia, including for wellbeing, work power support, lodging and interest for gifted work. Innovative Environment Innovative work Australiaâ„ ¢s solid business perf

May we offer you a drink of water

May we offer you a drink of water Go back to December 16, 2010. It was just another Thursday night, the 350th day in the 50th week of 2011 and 282 days ago, no big deal. More importantly, it was the day on which early action decisions came out. (Only 23 hundredths of a year for the same time to come around already, yikes!) I went to an all-girls Catholic high school in the south side of Chicago, you see, and I was still wearing my uniformpolo shirt and plaid kiltas I danced/ran/frolicked/squawked various versions of the word yay around my house after I had opened the web page notifying me that I was accepted to The Institute. I do often like to speak in analogies, and it has nothing to do with the fact that the word contains my name, I promise. There is, however, one analogy for which I cannot be completely credited. In fact, its a rather well-known phrase here: MIT is like drinking from a firehose. Now that I look back on it, that letter was asking me if I was thirsty. Actually, in my case it was more of a conversation, since theres nothing odd about a mental reply to inanimate objects. MIT: May we offer you a drink of lifes water, a water so replenishing and different from what youve ever experienced, that it will become a part of you and you will be infinitely quenched and satisfied with things to do, learn, ponder about, and with which to have absolute fun? Look, we even put together this contraption to make it easier! Me: :DDDDDD LIFE WATER!!!!!!!!!!!!! When I found this fire hose water fountain at the Stata Center, I just HAD to take a picture. Ive been here for only a month, tis true, but I can attest to the fact that it IS like drinking from a fire hose.  Perhaps to some it may seem menacingwhat is life water anyway and why do I want it to such an extreme!? Does this mean that I will never be able to sleep again? Will I have time to do everything I want to? WHAT IS LIFE WATER ANYWAY? Brace yourself. A short description of my weeks here and a whole lot of pictures will probably answer your questions. Week 1:  I live in Burton Conner, and even the very first day I entered my room I felt understood and like I belonged This was namely because my door welcomed me with some pretty relatable stickers:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              I got here the week of Aug 21 (a bit earlier than most people) because I did the most wonderful FPOP, the Freshman Leadership Program. This tiny description doesnt do it any justice, but rest assured it was amazing. There was always something to do, and meeting new people as well as deep thinking about the world in general kept me hydrated. It was  life-changing. Also,  Week 1 was also the week I braved a hurricane w ith a Target bag. Way to be an engineer, right? Week 2:  ORIENTATION  (a.k.a. Mad-crazy free food all around!) Im not on a meal plan (because I like to cook), thus it was so nice not having to worry about cooking as I explored around. I did so many things, there is DEFINITELY too much to tell, but I present to you the highlights: Orientation groups met, introduced, played games, etc. The groups were color-coded and had these pretty cool flags to mark their position. When I was looking for my color (blue!), I admit that I felt like I was swimming in a sea of frosh and large, colourful fish! Below is a picture of when it was all empty.  Speaking of fish, we also got to go to the Boston Aquarium as part of the orientation program! It was the perfect time to use my “shark teeth” (which are really just spikes on my bottom row of teeth to keep my tongue from pushing them out) to see if fish would get scared. (They didnt.) I always use this as a fact when I have to introduce myself with the routine name, hometown, dorm, and fun fact. I also saw an adorable shelled creature that reminded me of THIS. The last thing we did was take photo booth pictures. You might be skeptically thinking, wow. The aquariumsounds like fun.. It WAS. Proof: Last, but not least, I was a part of City Days this year, which is basically a day in which freshmen take the time to disperse and volunteer all around the Boston area. It also provides a great way to meet fellow 2015s! My group helped paint a fence at the Franklin Park Zoo, pictured above. If you ever visit, I hope you remember that MIT students helped paint the fence BEFORE you remember that the movie Zookeeper was filmed there, just saying. :) Week 3: Consisted of unpacking, venturing Boston to find things I needed, meeting more people, getting ready for classes, more unpacking, discovering that one of my biology instructors also wrote the biology book well be using (!!), getting more free food from various organizations in which I was interested, and getting my side of the room to look something like this: Week 4/5: These weeks I’ve spent adjusting to MIT classes: 7.012 Intro to Biology, 8.01L Physics I, 18.01 Calculus I, 24.00 Problems of Philosophy, and 12.00 Mission (or Solving Complex Problems). I’ve also joined the MIT Wind Ensemble (MITWE) on trumpet. (More on my classes later.) Before these weeks, I had never used Google calendars in my life. Now I don’t know what I’d do without it, its color-coded glory, and its ability to sync with my ipod. Also, I dont know how I had time to bake brownies, but I fit in somehow! They were oh so good. So thats been my very, very brief tour through my weeks thus far here as a student. I hope I didnt drown you in too many pictures! Whether you believe me or not, I wish I could have told you more. There is ALWAYS something to do here!! (Thats why visiting is so important if youre considering studying at MIT!) But for those of you that cant, what do you want to know? And to everyone in general: what would you like to see next on this blog? :D Its true. MIT is like drinking from a fire hose, but as Brian  O. posted a while ago, you get so much more than water.

What is an Open Admissions Policy for College

Hundreds of colleges and universities in the United States have open admissions. In its purest form, an open admissions policy means that any student with a high school diploma or GED certificate can attend. With guaranteed acceptance, open admissions policies are all about access and opportunity: any student who has completed high school has the option of pursuing a college degree. History of Open Admissions The open admissions movement began in the second half of the 20th century and had many ties to the civil rights movement. California and New York were on the forefront of making college accessible to  all  high school graduates. CUNY, the City University of New York, moved to an open admissions policy in 1970, an action that greatly increased enrollment and provided far greater college access to Hispanic and black students. Since then, CUNY ideals clashed with fiscal reality, and the four-year colleges in the system no longer have open admissions. How Open Is Open Admissions? The reality of open admissions often clashes with the ideal. At four-year colleges, students are sometimes guaranteed admission only if they meet minimum test score and GPA requirements. In some situations, a four-year college often collaborates with a community college so that students who dont meet the minimum requirements can still begin their college educations. Also, guaranteed admission to an open admission college doesnt always mean that a student can take courses. If a college has too many applicants, students may find themselves waitlisted for some if not all courses. This scenario has proven all too common in the current economic climate in which school resources and funding are stretched thin. Community colleges are almost always open admissions as are a significant number of four-year colleges and universities. As college applicants come up with their short list of reach, match, and safety schools, an open admissions institution will always be a safety school (this is assuming the applicant meets any minimum requirements for admission). Examples of Open Admission Colleges and Universities Open admission schools can be found throughout the United States, and they vary significantly. Some are private while many are public. Some are two-year schools offering associate degrees, while others offer bachelor degrees. Some are tiny schools of just a few hundred students, while others are large institutions with enrollments in the thousands. This brief list helps illustrate the diversity of open admission schools: Nearly all community collegesDixie State University: A four-year public university in St. George, UtahArkansas Baptist College: A four-year private college in Little Rock, ArkansasSalem International University: A four-year for-profit university in Salem, West VirginiaTennessee State University: A four-year historically black university in Nashville, TennesseeGranite State College: A four-year public university in Concord, New HampshireUniversity of Maine at Augusta: A four-year public university in Augusta, Maine Some Problems Related to Open Admissions An open admission policy is not without its critics who argue that graduation rates tend to be low, college standards are lowered, and the need for remedial courses increases. Many colleges with open admission policies have that policy out of necessity rather than any sense of altruism of social justice. If a college is struggling to meet enrollment goals, admissions standards can erode to the point of having few standards at all. The result can be that colleges collect tuition dollars from students who are ill-prepared for college and unlikely to ever earn a degree. So while the idea of open admissions may sound admirable because of the access to higher education it can provide, the policy  can create its own issues: Many students are not academically prepared to succeed in college and have never attempted the level of rigor required in college classes.Many students will need to take remedial courses before they can take college-level courses. These courses are typically at a high school level and will not fulfill college graduation requirements.Graduation rates tend to be low, often in the teens or even single digits. At Tennessee State, for example, only 18% of students graduate in four years. At Granite State College, that number is just 8%.With so few students graduating in four years, costs increase with every subsequent semester of coursework.While tuition is often lower than at more selective schools, grant aid is often limited. Open admission institutions rarely have the endowments and financial resources for financial aid that more selective colleges and universities have. Put together, these issues can lead to significant problems for many students. At some open admission institutions, a majority of students will fail to earn a diploma but will go into debt in the attempt. A Final Word About Open Admissions Policies Dont let the problems facing many open admission schools discourage you; rather, use that information to make an informed decision about your college journey. If you are motivated and hard-working, an open admission university can open many doors that will enrich you personal life and expand your professional opportunities.

The Essentials of Writing Service for College Paper That You Will be Able to Benefit From Starting Right Away

The Essentials of Writing Service for College Paper That You Will be Able to Benefit From Starting Right Away The college admissions essay is just one of the main elements of a college application. You wish to cry, or you need to throw something, since you've just failed a college paper. Nobody told you that college life will be easy. For anybody who wants their college papers written, it is currently simpler to discover your writer for you because with our very best college paper writing. Let your writer know just what you want. If it's so, then you'll be having some difficult time for a student along with being a writer. Our writing team includes experienced pros with various academic backgrounds and they're always prepared to work for you. Remember that good essays expect a lot of revising and rewriting. You can't concentrate on all assignments simultaneously, but it is a ton simpler and faster to compose an essay when you experience an illustration of the way that it ought to be carried out. It is possible to choose the author you wish to work with and through the writing course of you are able to communicate with them to make certain you get the content material you want. If you need skilled assist with writing any sort of homework papers, is the ideal place to receive it. The Ultimate Writing Service for College Paper Trick Following that, you'll have perfectly-done paper samples at hand, so that you may use them as educational tools and boost your own skills! What's more, we guarantee your upcoming paper is going to be completed in compliance with the greatest academic standards, so be certain that applying for our help, you make the very best alternative. Many times a firm might ask you to finish both types. 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Book pseudo-philosophical Free Essays

The book of job is indeed a difficult book (particularly because it is structured like a poem, which i think made it all the more boring. ) But going beyond that, it has some interesting pseudo-philosophical discussions going on. Job is a brave man, given the circumstances and the general assumptions about the nature of the universe at the time (a universe where god occasionally makes his presence known through a whirlwind or some such device). We will write a custom essay sample on Book pseudo-philosophical or any similar topic only for you Order Now Job is good and brave, but I think there is an inherent assumptions in his arguments that make them fail (in my book): the assumption of the validity of the rationale behind the rules under which God seems to operate. Since Sin is also, ultimately, God’s invention, I think an appropriate response to such a condition as Job’s would have been â€Å"Why are You playing around with us? † When Job finally acknowledges God’s justice, Job gets his good life back! (Someone was just being childish and just wanted some appreciation, after all. ) I don’t believe that there is a direct correlation between good actions and†¦ divinely bestowed awards. A bit of work and a bit of luck are what it takes to get a good life. As for Genesis chapters 1-11, I cannot take these as an authentic record of historical events. While reading, I kept getting a feeling, in the back of my mind, that there is something inherently wrong in the rationale and explanations of the behaviors of the characters (God included). The story presented in Genesis has the makings of a myth, and is in the same level as that of other creationist stories of other beliefs. As Darwin says, the concept of God is quite beyond the scope of my abilities. Genesis 1-11 is an â€Å"explanation† of the origins of the world, which I believe must be a lot more complex than the chapters relate (at least on the surface). It also â€Å"explains† the origins good and evil in modern mankind. Boring also. Primarily because the story has been recounted countless times, and, understandably, the sentences are structured as dissimilarly as possible from everyday speech, while still retaining grammatical correctness. But it is still nice to understand ancient (and modern) cultural and religious mentality. How to cite Book pseudo-philosophical, Papers

The Piano Lesson Essay Example For Students

The Piano Lesson Essay Defend Boy Willie’s Scheme for Buying Sutter’s Land. In The Piano Lesson, written by August Wilson, Boy Willie devises a scheme for buying Sutter’s land. Boy Willie has one part of the money saved up. He will sell the watermelons for the second part. Then he will sell the piano for a third part. The only debating issue in Boy Willie’s scheme is the piano. Berniece does not want to sell the piano. This is the only reason for a defense in Boy Willie’s scheme. Therefore, I will defend Boy Willie’s issue of selling the piano and how that liberates him in reference to his scheme for buying Sutter’s land. We will write a custom essay on The Piano Lesson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The first defense is the usage of the piano. In Wilson’s novel, Berniece never uses the piano, Boy Willie: â€Å" You can’t do nothing with that piano except sit up there and look at it†, Berniece, â€Å"That’s just what I’m gonna do† (p.50). The piano is a â€Å"sentimental value† (p.51) to Berniece. Her father died over the piano (p.42-46). Boy Willie argues even though the piano is of sentimental value, Berniece is not using it. He wants to sell it in order to buy land, seed, and workers, which will in turn produce a crop, and something will come out of that (p.51). The second defense is that of equality. Boy Willie believes how a certain individual perceives himself determines what that individual really is in reality (p.92). He also believes that white men have one advantage over black men and that is, â€Å" The colored man can’t fix nothing with the law† (p.38). Boy Willie desires to be equal to the white man (p.92 ). Also, equality ties into the above paragraph in which Berniece does not use the piano. Boy Willie will use the money from the piano along with the profit from the other two sources and get his land. Obtaining this goal will make him equal to the white man (p.92). Boy Willie will never work for anyone other than for himself. The last defense is that of Boy Willie’s father. Boy Willie admires his father. He remembers one key thing about his father as a child, â€Å" I got these big old hands but what I’m gonna do with them?† He feels that the piano was his father’s gift to him (p.46). Boy Willie’s grandfather did not have anything to leave Boy Willie’s father but Boy Willie’s feels that his father left him the piano. He uses this in one argumental conversation against Berniece (p.46). Boy Willie strongly feels that if his father had the opportunity to possess his own land then his father would have sold the piano (p.51, 88, 94). Thro ughout the novel Boy Willie and his sister, Berniece, struggle over the conflict in the selling of the piano. Boy Willie doesn’t want to follow the rules. He lives but what he believes is right and true (p.38). Boy Willie doesn’t want to live quietly and go long with the way everything is. He wants to leave his mark everywhere he goes (p.94). I believe the above paragraphs well defend Boy Willie’s arguments with the issue with the piano. Everyone, regardless who you are, wants to become something more. Everyone has dreams. I know I do. Bibliography:

Mexico Report essays

Mexico Report essays Mexico is a Latin country with very distinct qualities. In this report I will cover the very basics of Mexicos history, culture: flag, parties, and food; people, government, military, transnational issues, communications, transportation, and geography. Mexico is very large with many different There is a lot of history on Mexico. I believe there is six key historical events. The pre-Hispanic era was from 1200 B.C. through 1521 A.D., and five major native civilizations influenced Mexicos history, but at different times. Mexicos first established culture was the Olmecs. They developed in the coastal states of Veracruz and Tabasco. They also created an extremely advanced calendar that included the concept of zero. Olmecs are believed to be around from 1200 B.C. until 200 B.C. The Mayans first appeared in 1200 B.C. Theyre known for their excellence in mathematics and astrology. By 1400 A.D. the Mayans nearly disappeared leaving behind a ceremonial center and great ancient cities. The third great group was the Zapotec/Mixtec. The Zapotecs first appeared in the valley of Oaxaca around 900 B.C. They were great city builders, created wonderful temples, burial chambers, metal work, and pottery as well. The Mixtec conquered the Zapotec and developed around Yagul and Mitla. By the early 1400s A.D. the Mixtec became vassals of the Aztec empire. From 950 through 1300 A.D. the Toltecs occupied the northern valley of Mexico. They built one of Mexicos most impressive cities, Tula. The Toltecs were master craftsmen and greatly influenced both the Mayans and the Aztecs in later years. The last of the five major native civilizations were the Aztecs. They dominated Mexico for nearly two hundred years, from 1345 until 1521. They were growing and spreading rapidly in 1591 when the Spanish came to try and conquer. Aztecs developed a complex ...

The Ultimate Guide to Good Posture [Infographic]

The Ultimate Guide to Good Posture [Infographic] Good posture might not seem like something that is terribly important, but recent studies suggest otherwise. Take a look at this infographic developed by  Voltierdigital  for information on good posture and why it is important.

Kraft Foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Kraft Foods - Essay Example The effectiveness of using this website as a marketing tool depends on the extent to which it achieves the desired goals and objectives set by the company. The ultimate objective of designing and hosting a website is to ensure that the company profile reaches out to as many people as possible. The fall of new and improved technologies has enhanced the company’s use of this website. The company reaches to its potential markets at the click of a button. This enhances consumer awareness, which is a fundamental aspect in marketing. The company acknowledges that markets within and without the United States are diverse and dynamic. In this respect, the Kraft Foods’ website offers a variety of product and service packages that suit specific markets in and out of the United States. Australia, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, and the United States are some of the regions that enjoy customized product and service packages (http://www.kraft.com/). However, this does not imply that markets outside these regions are irrelevant to the company. The website is actually open to the global population, and most importantly the global market. An effective marketing tool has to account for the variations in buyer behavior, tastes, and preferences. Considering these aspects influences the performance of any given marketing tool. Kraft Foods’ website highlights the company’s product base and all the services factored in the company’s operations. This allows the consumers to enjoy a wide range of products and services that the company offers. On the same note, the website provides a platform where the user can directly engage and interact with the company, thereby allowing the company to foster functional relations with the target markets. A positive impact on the company’s marketing pursuit is realized in the process. Amid the effective use of the website by Kraft Foods, the customer service aspect could be done better. The direct interaction between

Performance of the Leader as Affected by Followers Essay

Performance of the Leader as Affected by Followers - Essay Example However, as observed, leadership does not necessarily imply laudable, good conduct as it is entirely possible to induce destructive behavior through crooked ways (Hock, 2001). In Hock's description, the true leaders are those who typify the general sense of the community, "enabling its conscious, shared values and beliefs to emerge and be transmitted from generation to generation" (Hock, 2001). From here comes the belief that a community is eventually directed by the conscious, shared values and beliefs of the individuals of which it is composed (Hock, 2001). This may be exemplified by two leaders that had different types of followers: the non-violent Dr. Martin Luther King and the cruel Adolf Hitler (Warren, 2001). A much better way to understand leader performance as affected by the follower is Hollander's (1997) explanation about the dynamics of leadership. He said that the follower role is expected as one of low power and passive but this is misleading, he believed, because followership is an active accompaniment to leadership. Leaders may be more active, especially in directing, but followers can affect a leader as an "attentive strategic audience," he said. There exists in fact a two-way support and influence that are essential to the leader-follower bond (Hollander, 2007). Such are understood as credit that followers can accord or withhold from their leaders, reflecting their loyalty and trust (Hollander, 1997). This ties up with what Barbara Kellerman (2004) warned as bad followership existing in our systems. In a very real sense, followers lead by choosing where to be led (Hock, 2001), affirming the belief that followers have a way of affecting leader performance. This line of reasoning is maintained throughout this paper. From definitions of leadership and how it occurs, to leadership characteristics, the discussion leads to the leader-follower relationship, also called Inclusive Leadership (CCL, 2007) and particularly describes the "Idiosyncrasy Credit" (IC) Model of Holland (1968) as a cogent explanation of the dynamics of this relationship. The discussion further delves into followership and goes finally to the topic of leadership performance. This is made distinct from optimum organizational performance where ideally the former is made subject to the latter. The paper includes specific examples of bad leaders and follower influence on the topic of idiosyncratic credits (IC) model propounded by Hollander (1964). It finally concludes with the recommendation that followership as a subject of research should be given importance. Leader-follower relationship How relationship develops. Leadership is a field of interaction or a relationship between leaders and followers (Warren, 2001). Such leader-follower relationship ideally evokes the essence of a clear, meaningful purpose and compelling ethical principles (Hock, 2001), where the relationship develops with the leader and the follower connecting to create one, undivided whole. This means there is no leader who can exist without gaining the support of others (Warren, 2001). Conflicts may come at times between leader and follower, partly on account of leaders and followers processing information from their own subjective, internal frame of reference (Warren, 2001). However, an alignment may come between the two when followers identify with a leader because the leader fits the followers' image of

Effects of Marketing in Wilderness Tourism Promotion

Effects of Marketing in Wilderness Tourism Promotion Promoting Wilderness Tourism Literature Review Introduction Behavioural research on the study on wilderness destination is a relatively new development in the ecotourism industry. Promoting place marketing has become increasingly important within the tourist industry (Kang-Li 2008). There has been limited work done on promoting wilderness as a place of tourism. This research project aims to identify whether experiential marketing would have a greater impact than traditional marketing and branding approaches in promoting wilderness in tourism. The literature review will explore the concepts of Tourism, Wilderness, Place Marketing and Experiential Marketing, looking at past and present literature from various scholars and academics who have conducted extensive research on these subject areas. Arguments identifying gaps that exist within the literature will be presented, exploring the extent to which experiential marketing would be different and/or more effective than traditional marketing approaches. The Evolution of Tourism and it’s relationship to Wilderness In the early 19th century, the term â€Å"tourism† was used to describe the movement of people for pleasure (Smith, 1989). It is also written that a more convincing origin to present day tourism is centred on the medieval pilgrimages. There is a distinct difference between pilgrimage and tourism. One is a religious activity and the other is a secular (Theilmann 1987). However, as years have passed, there have been further attempts to define the term â€Å"tourism†. The United Nations Statistical Commission has accepted the following definition recommended by the World Tourism Organisation (WTO), stating that tourism comprises: activities where people may travel to different places and stay away from their normal surroundings for not more than a year for leisure, business or any other purpose. (World Tourism Organisation, 1993). In a similar context in the UK the definition most often used was proposed by the Tourism Society in the early 1980’s: Tourism is defined as destinations where people would travel for temporary or short-term stay away from their natural environment to live, work or engage in activities as day visits or excursions (Tourism Society, 1982) Similarly, Jafari, 1977 argues that tourism is about the study of man away from his natural habitat, where the industry responds to his needs, and there an impact is created by him and the industry on the host social-cultural, economic and physical environment. In a simplistic form the term tourism could be understood as movement of people for pleasure or work. From the evidence presented above would it can be concluded from the above definitions that tourism would seem to be: People who are away from their normal place of residence and will return back to their homes at some point in the future. Visits that are only temporary or short term, but are not longer than 12 months in duration. Inclusive of a day visit (excursion). Inclusive of absence from home on business rather than pleasure. The 1990’s increasingly saw the development of tourism in new areas. While the more traditional sightseeing tourism remains at the core of tourism around the world, there has been a significant diversification occurring, particularly within adventure tourism (Cloke and Perkins, 1998), nature-based tourism (Pearce and Wilson, 1995; Higham 1998) and events (Nicholson and Pearce, 2000). Literature shows that one particularly distinctive area of growth has been in natural area tourism (Burton 1998). This form of tourism is nature-based and primarily motivated by an interest in the environment (Burton 1998). Burton further argues that people seek refuge in nature-based tourism to escape from their day to day pressured life style. But, he writes that with the level of growth in nature-based tourism literature, has given way for individuals to misuse and overuse the terms ecotourism and natural based tourism. Creamer, 1995 adopts a framework to present a clear distinction between nature based tourism and ecotourism as seen in figure 1. This framework has been interpreted by arguing that nature-based tourism consists of all forms of tourism which occur in a natural environment and that ecotourism is one form of this type of tourism. Although they are similar there is a distinct difference (Goodwin, 1996). The experience of ecotourism goes beyond just being in a natural environment. Griffith, 1993 argues that ecotourists have distinctive perceptions and beliefs relating to their experiences. This is a far cry from the Sunday picnic or the occasional bush walker. It has been argued that ecotourism has the ability to influence the direction of a tourist’s life. This distinction is seen when they return from an ecotourism experience gaining a new outlook.(Hunter 1994) In a similar vein Ziffer, 1989: 5–8; Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996: 22 and Boo, 1990: 10, have also echoed the same principles underpinning ecotourism. Nature-based tourism has been distinguished into three main categories (Valentine, 1992: 110). Activities dependent on nature (i.e. bird-watching); activities enhanced by nature (i.e.camping); and activities where the natural setting is incidental (i.e. swimming). Adding to this framework, Duffus and Dearden (1990) defined these activities in terms of human and wildlife interaction. Similarly Goodwin, 1996: 287–288, argues that nature tourism includes the marketing of the natural elements to the tourists while enjoying the nature around them. Other arguments present ecotourism as a concept that definitions of integrated tourism giving emphasis particularly to nature conservation (Goodwin, 1996; Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996; Dowling, 1995a, b). Moreover the natural settings characterized in the definition of ecotourism were proclaimed to be similar to that of the concept of Wilderness Recreation in North America, (Boyd Butler, 1993: 11) or in other words, new name to an old activity (Wall, 1994: 4; Nelson, 1994: 248). Academic literature of wilderness exist within the discipline of tourism literature detailing about wilderness and the experiences that people have experienced during their visits. However, wilderness and the relating â€Å"sense of place† it evokes has not been investigated in-depth within the empirical research studies (Dawson, 2006). Managers of wilderness areas need to further understand and measure the relationships that tourists are developing or have already developed with the land area that they are managing. â€Å"Place† is defined as a physical location and a visitor’s subjective experience or relationship with the particular place. The concept of place has been subdivided into a variety of factors, such as place meanings, attachment, identity and dependence (Cheng et al. 2003). The term wilderness has been perceived differently by various scholars and academics. Some academics argue that wilderness is a conserved area where there is a limited presence of humans (Dawson, 2006). While others argue that it is place where people go to the wilderness for short or long hikes that last a day long, while another set of people who camp for several days using primitive means of travel and living (Chad, 2006). At one time, the earth was just a place of wild. The natural environment of wind, fire and rain was operating without the interference by any human influence. The earth was a global wilderness. Today, questions have risen on what is wilderness, how much of it needs to be preserved and should it be managed. Wilderness has achieved a reputation of being a highly valuable resource to many countries.(Stankey 1989) Wilderness has commonly been used in the context of the Bible (Nash 1974). Nash reports that the term wilderness appears in the bible nearly 300 times both in the Old and New Testaments. He continues to report that the term was used as a synonym for â€Å"desert† and â€Å"waste† with the same Hebrew or Greek root. Wilderness has been described as having had three physical characteristics. (1) virtually inhabited. (2) deserted and dry and (3) they were large areas. Human survival in the wilderness was difficult (Stankey 1989). Nash further reports that the wilderness was used to describe in the bible as a place where God’s blessings were absent; paradise and wilderness was a contract to each other. The story of the Garden of Eden stated in the Bible captures this theme explicitly. Nash writes, â€Å"The story of the Garden and it’s loss, imbedded into Western thought the idea that wilderness and paradise were both physical and spiritual opposites† The book of Genesis in the Bible reveals the early Christina idea of the relationship that transpired between man and nature. White (1967), argues that based on the qualities that were developed from the relationship between man and nature, Christianity was the most â€Å"anthropocentric† religion. Furthermore,White argues, â€Å"in great measure, God’s transcendence of nature. . . . Christianity, in absolute contrast to ancient paganism and Asia’s religions . . . not only established a dualism of man and nature, but also insisted that it is God’s will that man exploit nature for his proper ends.† This type of perspective created negative and exploitative thoughts about nature and wilderness among humans. However, it is argued that Christianity also fostered counter perspectives, which have led to our modem views from where wilderness would be have been originated (Stankey 1989). The experience of the Promised Land mentioned in the Biblical context has helped develop a tradition of going to the wilderness. Reasons for going to the wilderness have been determined to get freedom and a purification of spiritual-values. This may have possibly led to the present-day legislative definition for wilderness. Tuan (1974), writes â€Å"For the ascetics the desert was in effect at once the haunt of demons and the realm of bliss in harmony with the creaturely world.’ However, the Judeo-Christian defined wilderness as a cursed land, evil places and a place where water was not present (Dilworth 2006). Dilworth further argues in this context, the paradox of wilderness was evil, it was a necessary evil, also where you could be closer to God, a refuge and testing ground. On the other hand, the Puritan tradition wilderness was understood as a threat to survival, and the ability to survive in the wilderness would make you in favour of God. However, the Utilitarian view o f nature was cultivation and civilization instead of using the term wilderness. This was necessary as it would be a land useful in a practical sense as well as to be in favour of God (Nash 2001). Nash further argues from a Romantic and Transcendentalist era. He writes, wilderness was looked in a more positive sense. The Romantic era brought man â€Å"an enthusiasm for the strange, remote, solitary and mysterious† (Nash, 2001, p. 47). On the other hand the Transcendentalist eras, gave emphasis to the spiritual quality of the wilderness experience. This experience brought humans closer to God and the importance of material things. From the above arguments it seems evident that the definition of wilderness is very much fluid in the sense that there does not seem to be one single definition which can clearly explain the term wilderness. Sigurd Olson, in the early 20th century further expanded on the definition of wilderness – is escaping from a mans everyday difficult life and gaining freedom from â€Å"tyranny of wires, bells, schedules, and pressing responsibilities† (Olson and Backes 2001). This definition was further refined by the Wilderness Act of 1964. They defined wilderness as an undeveloped Federal land maintaining its character of the early years and the influence, without any lasting improvements or human habitation while it being a place that has generally been affects by the forces of nature. It also has an â€Å"outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation†. On the other hand culturally, it has been defined as any natural areas, to the â€Å"Urban† wilderness (Dilworth 2006). Evidently, it seems that Wilderness means different things to different people. Dilworth 2006, recently conducted a study on the meaning of wilderness based on images of the wilderness. His sample was students. The study revealed that based on the images the students viewed they defined wilderness as primarily with natural landscapes lacking human sign, particularly mountains, lakes, and forests. The questions would then arise as to what do you mean by the terms; mountains, lakes and forests? The debate would seem to be endless !! Increasingly, popular adventure recreation activities such as rock climbing, mountain-eering and remote-area trekking most often take place in the wilderness. Most often commercial packing of this type of recreation in the wilderness is coloured with fundamental irony (Eric, Linda et al. 1998). Wilderness business range from skill-building schools to eco and ethno tourism adventures (Eric, Linda et al. 1998). For example in Thailand back-pack trotting adventures (Cohen, 1989). This type of adventurous excursions and activities are positive, enjoyable experiences for participants (Arnould and Price 1993). The commercial offering of Wilderness as a tourist attraction means converting wilderness into a commodity to be marketed as a tourist attraction. Wilderness tourism requires human intervention. This would mean ensuring the wilderness is evaluated, managed, regulated and controlled (Eric, Linda et al. 1998). Therefore, the comodification of wilderness would require the intervention of a communication medium which would attract visitors of the wilderness for tourism. Creating a memorable lasting experience would be the challenge for wilderness managers and marketers. Place and city marketing has been one of the most interesting research topics which have grown in the last 20 – 30 years (Metaxas 2005). Much of the marketing literature over the years have sited on the impact that marketing has had on the global Tourism industry (Palmer and Bejou 1995; Mark and Robert 2002; Theobald 2005; Alistair 2006). Within the marketing literature, â€Å"Place Marketing† has grown rapidly among cities globally and especially in Europe who use different promotional policies to support images of their cities to gain competitive advantage (Metaxas 2005). Promoting the wilderness experience within the place marketing literature has been limited although marketing of island tourism, alpine tourism and adventure tours have developed (Tuohino). As mentioned above, comodification of wilderness is a challenge for marketers. A greater challenge would be the comodification of wilderness as a â€Å"sense of place†. The next section of the literature will seek to explore the idea of place and place marketing and it’s relevance to wilderness tourism. Place Marketing as an opportunity for Wilderness Tourism The concept of place is often related to the adjective â€Å"safe†. But there could be negative feelings also attached to that place (Tuohino). Tuan (1974) defines â€Å"topophilia† as a place which one belongs to and has a sense of belongingness. On the other hand â€Å"topofobia† (Tuan 1974) is defined as negative feelings – aversion or fear. Tuan, further argues that feelings such as fear being connected to a place will remain in the human mind as well as in the environment. Similarly, â€Å"placelessness† is defined as where the environment does not recognise place. Furthermore it does not take into consideration the meaning of places (Tuan 1974; Relph 1976). A â€Å"Sense of Place† has been one of the important concepts of human geography (Tuohino). Tuan in the 1970’s introduced this concept within the geography literature. The concept of â€Å"Sense of Place† has been determined as a social concept and as an individual value or phenomenon (Tuohino). This concept has been sited in many of the tourism literature in the recent years. To quote Tuan (1974), ‘people demonstrate their sense of place when they apply their moral and aesthetic discernment to sites and locations†. In other words â€Å"Sense of Place† is the connection that man would have with a place. Hence, it could be argued that is an important development for tourist and developers of tourism. Place marketing has become an important policy goal for most governments (Kang-Li 2008). Kotler (2002), claimed that the concept of place marketing of a city is considered as a market-oriented product. Ashworth and Voogd (1993) argue that place marketing is where the local activities of a particular location will work together to meet the customers needs. On the other hand Gold and Ward (1994) claim that place marketing is all about creating a positive and attractive image of the place. On the other hand it is argued that Place Marketing is about locality-based strategy to reimage and restructure local economies (Demaziere and Wilson 1996). Furthermore it is argued that Place Marketing is about â€Å"the strategic manipulation of image and culture clearly provides a strong basis for coalition building†(Hall and Hubbard 1996). From the arguments presented, place marketing seems somewhat similar to running a business but ensuring the required facilities, services and visions for further developments are presented. Tourism as an industry, especially cultural tourism has been fully integrated into place marketing (Stabler, 1990). Holden (2000), argues that negative impacts of tourism development can harm the local communities of a place by: misuse of resources, negative behaviour and pollution of the environment. Therefore it is important that place marketing ensures it develops cultural tourism strategies keeping in mind the external factors that can harm and hinder, while satisfying the customers (Kang-Li 2008). Wilderness managers strive to provide a quality experience to all visitors (Dvorak and Borrie 2007). This has lead to the need to incorporate a relationship aspect in the planning and management framework. These experiences are not one off transactions. These are relationships which develop over a period of time between the visitor and the setting (Borrie and Roggenbuck 2001). There is also other aspects that have an effect on the relationship / experience a visitor would have with the wilderness setting. These factors are cultural and social forces, social institutions and the lives of visitors. These factors do change and this has an effect on the wilderness experience (Dvorak and Borrie 2007). Psychology and marketing research have provided some insight in support of this wilderness relationship (Berry 1995). One key aspect to this relationship is that the visitor tends to accumulate an experience with a particular place that associates to a certain identity. Over a period of time the visitor develops a certain loyalty towards this particular area / place (Dvorak and Borrie 2007). It is argued that this relationship built over a period of time becomes something of an individuals culture, expressions and defining who he was and hopes to be. It is this relationship / experiences that managers/marketer of wilderness tourism would find as a challenge in promoting and sustaining. What means are available to marketers in promoting and sustaining this experience? The next section of this paper will argue how place marketing could be integrated into a wilderness marketing experience through the idea of experiential marketing. Marketing Wilderness Experiences The evolution of the philosophy of marketing management has moved from production concept, product concept, selling concept, marketing concept, societal marketing concept to relationship marketing concept. Traditionally marketing has viewed customers as being rational decision markers who care mainly about the features and benefits of the product and service they purchase (Schmitt 1999). An integral part of the marketing mix is the element of promotions better known as marketing communications. Marketing communications is a mode by which marketers / firms attempt to inform, persuade, incite and remind customers about their product or service they sell (Poul Houman 2001). This is one area in marketing which has evolved and changed dramatically over the last 20 – 30 years (Kevin Lane 2001). This has resulted in firms faced with the challenge of designing, implementing and evaluating their communication campaigns which are unique and competitive. In other words campaigns which create a unique customer experience (Mark and Robert 2002). Today the concept of selling experiences is spreading beyond theatres and theme parks. Pine and Gilmore, (1998) claim that experience is not an amorphous construct, but is as real an offering like any other service, product or commodity. Stage experiences occur when a company goes beyond the offering of a good and service by engaging with the customer to create a memorable event. Experiences have always been at the heart of tourism and entertainment (Tsaur, Chiu et al. 2007). For example Walt Disney and his company took the industry by storm with creative interactions with customers. At theme restaurants such as Hard Rock Cafà ©, Planet Hollywood the food is just a prop for what is known as â€Å"eatertainment†. But experiences are not just about the pure experience that a customer may encounter (Pine and Gilmore 1998). Company’s stages an experience were they could engage with customers to present it in a memorable way. Experience is everywhere. Companies have moved from the traditional â€Å"features and benefits† marketing towards customers encountering an experience (Schmitt 1999). To get a grasp of the concept of experiential marketing, Schmitt (1999) presented an argument comparing principles that underpin the traditional marketing approach and the experiential marketing approach. As discussed above (Schmitt 1999) argues that the traditional marketing is all about customers being rational decision makers who care about the feature and benefits. However, experiential marketing is viewing consumers as rational and emotional human beings concerned about experiencing a holistic consumption experience. Further (Schmitt 1999) claims that this shift has occurred due to omnipresence of information technology, the supremacy of brand and the ubiquity of communications and entertainment. This argument was echoed by (Pine and Gilmore 1998) when they claimed that leading-edge companies whether they sell to companies or consumers will be facing the competitive battlefield of â€Å"staging experiences† as presented above. Along with this trend, some companies adopted this concept of experiential marketing to gain competitive advantage such as Apple(Randall 2003), DaimlerChrysler (Tanya and Karl 2003), PG (Jack 2004) and IMG(Barry 2005). Sky, Nike and Strongbow are companies who have in recent years adopted the concept of experiential marketing. But some firms still remain sceptical (Mark 2007). Andy Bellass, of Splendid communication agency argues that experiential marketing has â€Å"come of age†. Bellass explains that it is becoming increasingly difficult to build relationships with customers when you are standing outside. Advertising is not dead, yet, until the circle of experience marketing is complete – getting people to experience the brand, agencies are standing outside (Mark 2007). The biggest problem being that the definition of experiential marketing has flaws and it lies at the roots. Marketing Director of Sledge understands experiential marketing as a â€Å"medium that is focused on creating one-to-one experiences that engage consumers in deeper and more memorable ways†. Others understand it as integrating brands to people’s life styles and adding value to create an experience with the brand rather than having any interruptions. Going further some feel that the definition is becoming broader by the day. However, in saying all this, it seems apparent that traditional communication agencies are nervous how company budgets are being reallocated in favour of experiential marketing techniques (Mark 2007). For instance, research showed that 68% of companies were spending more on experiential marketing in 2005 than they did in 2004 (Mark 2007). Based on the evidence presented, it would seem although there is scepticism, budgets being allocated to experiential marketing techniques means that there is some form of success in this concept in practice. It has been acknowledged that customers are driven emotionally and rationally (Schmitt 1999). People want products and services that render a certain experience. Tourism has been a pioneer example of the experience economy (Quan and Wang 2004). The nature of the travel and tourism product is intangible. What does a consumer expect or get when they visit a tourist location? These experiences are actual. How would companies promote these locations/places? Place marketing has seen it’s relationships to experiential marketing. Echoing on what has already being discussed, experience comes from direct interaction/observation in an event. The core of experiential marketing is about creating an experience for the customer. Accordingly, the experience marketing trends of â€Å"experiences, cultural marketing and ecological landscape† seems to have become the core for this concept (Kang-Li 2008). Based on this, Kang claims that these factors can evoke a consumers motivation and feelings of certain meaningful attachments, while these features and styles need to be preserved and enhanced. So far the review has demonstrated the relationship that experience marketing has had / have with tourism and place marketing. However, there seems to be a gap in the tourism literature on how this concept could be used to promote wilderness in tourism? Ability to creating that â€Å"Sense of Place† and relationship with the wilderness, seems to be limited. Empirical studies have been done on what are the key drivers that motivate people to visit major wilderness areas. However, further research needs to be done on promotional strategies for creating that wilderness tourism marketing experience (Mabunda) Over the years, psychologists and market researchers have attempted to develop techniques and methodologies to explore customer experience (2006). Understanding consumer attitudes and behaviour have not always been easy for marketing researchers (Athinodoros and Ronald 2002). Psychologists view attitudes as a two step process : an antecedent stimulus followed by an evaluative reaction.(Adel 2003) In their paper (Pine and Gilmore 1998), argue the importance of economic progress. They convey their thoughts by way of the following figure. Their thinking on this topic of Experience Economy argues that whether companies are selling to individual customers or organisations, they will find that the next competitive challenge is â€Å"Stage Experiences†. How does â€Å"stage experiences† influence the promotion of wilderness in tourism? Does it create a greater impact on marketing of wilderness in tourism? Summary The aim of the research project is to evaluate if experiential marketing would have a great impact than tradition marketing and branding approaches in promoting wilderness as a tourist destination. The literature review provided a rationale for this main aim, whereby the outcome included in the review illustrated the need for further research in the area of wilderness in tourism marketing. The first section of the literature review focus on the evolution of tourism. The review demonstrated that there is a high level of evidence on defining the term tourism. However, it was evident that the term â€Å"tourism† in its simplest form was understood as people moving to different places for the purpose of pleasure or work. It was noted that in the 1990’s tourism evolved to a high level of definition. Evidence was presented that tourism diversified into adventure tourism, nature based tourism and events. Through the years it was noted that nature based tourism has grown extensively within the tourism literature. Nature based tourism was understood as being primarily motivated by the interest in the environment (Burton, 1998) It was further argued that the Nature Based Tourisms and eco tourism although similar in nature had a distinctive difference. Although it was argued that ecotourism was some form of nature based tourism. (Goodwin, 1996) Much of the literature demonstrated that visitors of natural environments(ecotourism) would gain a new perspective or experience. (Hunter 1994, Ziffer, 1989: 5–8; Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996: 22 and Boo, 1990: 10) Moreover the literature review provided evidence to show that ecotourism was proclaimed to similar to that of the concept of Wilderness Recreation in North America. (Boyd Butler, 1993: 11) In stating these factors a gap in the literature demonstrated that little empirical studies were done on wilderness and the relating â€Å"sense of place†. Literature review then moved on to explore the concept of wilderness. Literature revealed that the term Wilderness was originated initially in the context of the bible. (Nash 1974) The term wilderness evolved from the eras of Christianity, (Nash 1974), to Judeo-Christian (Dilworth 2006), to Puritan tradition, to Utilitarian view, to Romantic and Transcendentalist. (Nash 2001). It was evident that none of the definitions were complimentary to each other. The conclusion gained from the evidence presented was that there was no single definition for wilderness as it meant different things to different people. A recent study proved this thinking. A study on images of wilderness revealed that the sample of students understood wilderness as natural landscapes lacking human sign, particularly mountains, lakes, and forests. The question was then raised, what are mountains, lakes and forests? This debate seems to be endless! Next the literature revealed that popular adventure activities often took place in the wilderness. Evidence proved that visitors on these adventurous excursions and activities always have a positive and enjoyable experience. (Arnould and Price 1993) It was noted that making these activities to commercial packages needed a carefully thought of marketing campaign as wilderness tourism has a human intervention. The greatest challenge all marketers of Wilderness would experience is the ability to comodify the idea of wilderness in tourism to ensure a memorable lasting experience. To explore the idea of comodification of wilderness experience, it was prudent to first understand the concept of marketing and its evolution. The next section of this literature review demonstrated this aspect of the subject area. Place marketing needs to be included. It was understood that traditionally marketing was viewed as customers being rational decision makers. They mainly cared about features and benefits of a product or service they purchased. It has been noted that the promotional element better known as marketing communications has played a major role in this conversion of features to benefit thinking. However it was presented that this element has had a rapid evolution over the years. (Kevin Lane 2001). The focus has been to develop marketing communication campaigns that would create a unique customer experience. (Mark and Robert 2002) The idea of Experience Economy was introduced in the last decade by (Pine and Gilmore 1998). They argue that this experience economy will find out that the next challenge is Stage Experience – where the company goes beyond customer’s expectations by ensuring the customers engages with the product or the service to experience something of a memorable event. This type of experience was pioneered within the tourism and entertainment industry. An example was Disney World. (Tsaur, Chiu et al. 2007) Furthermore the paper pr

Most Effective Hand Cleaner

Most Effective Hand Cleaner Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to: (a) determine if hand soap or alcohol gel is the most effective in killing Staphylococcus aureus (b) obtain the statistical difference of effectiveness in killing S. aureus between hand soap and alcohol gel. The null hypothesis is that neither hand soap nor alcohol gel is effective in killing S. aureus more than the control group which is nothing at all. The alternate hypothesis is that hand soap versus the control group will be more effective in killing S. ureus and/or alcohol gel versus the control group will be more effective in killing S. aureus. Another alternate hypothesis is that alcohol gel is more effective in killing S. aureus than the hand soap. Materials and Methods: The bottom of a Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) plate is divided into three (3) pie sections along with the experimentalist initials, class day and class time. A sample of S. aureus is obtained in a closed lid sample tube. The sample tu be is rolled back and forth to suspend the organism evenly while wearing gloves. The sterile swab is dipped into the test tube to obtain S. aureus, and then closed. The petri dish lid is opened just long enough to gently apply the swab in a streak pattern rotating the plate at different angles. The lid is placed on the petri dish and the contaminated swab is disposed in the biohazard bag. A blank disk is placed in the center of section one (1) with sterile tweezers. A second disk is dipped into hand soap and placed in the center of section two (2). A third disk is dipped into alcohol gel and placed in the center of section three (3). Each disk is softly tapped into media to secure. The petri dish is placed bottom side up in an incubator set at 37 degrees Celsius for three (3) days and then placed into refrigerator. Two (2) weeks later the diameter of the zone of clearing around the disk from each section is measured in millimeters. The data is collected from each class and is compiled to calculate the mean, standard deviation, and SEM. The compiled data is analyzed by creating a bar graph to compare the zone of clearing for each group. Results: DATA| CLASS STASTICS| Treatment Groups| Clear Zone (mm)| Mean (mm)| Standard Deviation| SEM| Error Bars| | | | | | Mean + (1. 96) SEM| Mean – (1. 96) SEM| 1. Blank Disk| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| 2. Hand Soap| 15| 11. 21| 3. 65| 0. 74| 1. 46| 1. 46| 3. Alcohol Gel| 15| 13. 21| 3. 93| 0. 80| 1. 57| 1. 57| Discussion and Conclusion: There was a significant difference between the control group and the treatment groups. The control group had no effect on killing S. aureus, but the treatment groups did have an effect on killing S. aureus. The hand soap mean zone of clearing was 11. 21mm and the alcohol mean zone of clearing was 13. 21mm. The null hypothesis that neither hand soap nor alcohol gel is effective in killing S. aureus more than the control group is rejected. The alternate hypothesis that hand soap versus the control group is more effective killing S. aureus is accepted. The alternate hypothesis that alcohol gel versus the control group is more effective in killing S. aureus is accepted. The alternate hypothesis that alcohol gel is more effective than the hand soap in killing S. aureus is rejected. The data suggests hand soap is not as effective as alcohol gel; however, statistically, the data does not support that alcohol gel is a more effective treatment because the error bars overlap. In conclusion, cleaning hands with either hand soap or alcohol gel is better at killing S. aureus than using nothing at all.

Case Analysis Grady Vs Corbin - 1389 Words

Grady vs Corbin was a United States Supreme Court decision in 1990, which held that the Double Jeopardy Clause in the 5th Amendment to the Constitution bars subsequent prosecutions for an offense which the defendant has already been prosecuted. Essentially, the Double Jeopardy Clause of the 4th Amendment says no one shall be tried twice for the same offense. The double jeopardy clause serves two functions, both of which should be considered when faced with a double jeopardy problem. One traditional function of the double jeopardy prohibition has been to prevent multiple prosecutions in more than one proceeding, to bar successive prosecutions for the same offense. The purpose of which is to ensure final resolution of substantive criminal†¦show more content†¦He was served with two uniform traffic tickets directing him to appear at a Town Justice Court. One ticket charged him with the misdemeanor of driving while intoxicated (DUI), and the other charged him with failing to k eep to the right of the median. When Corbin pleaded guilty to the traffic tickets in the Town Justice Court, the presiding judge was not informed of the fatality or of a pending homicide investigation. Subsequently, a grand jury indicted Corbin, charging him with reckless manslaughter, criminally negligent homicide, and third-degree reckless assault. A bill of particulars identified the three reckless or negligent acts on which the prosecution would rely to prove the charges: (1) operating a motor vehicle on a public highway in an intoxicated condition; (2) failing to keep right of the median; and (3) driving at a speed too fast for the weather and road conditions. Corbin s motion to dismiss the indictment on, inter alia, constitutional double jeopardy grounds was denied by the county court. Corbin then sought a writ of prohibition barring prosecution, which was denied by the Appellate Division. The State Court of Appeals reversed the decision, finding that the State’s intent ion to rely on prior traffic offenses as the acts necessary to prove the homicide and assault charges. The second prosecution would be barred if the prosecution sought to establish an essential element of the second crime by proving the conduct for

Operation of the power transformer. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9570 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Overview A factor of main economic importance and safety in electrical utilities and industrial customers of electricity is dependent on the operation of the power transformer. In the current economic situation, most of the supply utilities and industries tighten their control on production spending of capital and make savings in maintenance as well as ensuring the reliability of electricity supply. A power failure can increase the electrical loads. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Operation of the power transformer." essay for you Create order These loads will defer purchasing additional plant capacity and can cause the stress on the transformer increases. Thus, monitoring should be conducted to ensure the reliability of the net effect of the thermal voltage, electrical and mechanical service requirements brought about by the increase. Regular sampling and testing of insulation oil taken from the transformer is a valuable technique in the preventative maintenance program. The transformer can be used longer if a proactive approach undertaken based on the transformer oils condition. During an operation of a power transformer, transformer oil is subject to form electrical and mechanical stresses. Besides that, there are also contaminations caused by chemical interaction with windings and other solid insulations, catalysed by high operating temperature. Consequently, the original chemical properties of transformer oil changes gradually, cause it no longer function effectively after many years. Therefore, this oil should be tested periodically to ascertain its basic electrical properties, and make sure it is suitable for further use or necessary actions like filtration has to be done. The details of conducting these test is available in the standards issued by the IEC, ASTM, IS, BS. 1.2 Background Problem The dielectric strength of insulating oil is the oils ability to withstand electrical stress without failure. This test is done by applying a controlled ac voltage to two electrodes which are immersed in the insulating oil. The gap between two electrodes placed in a specified distance. The voltage recorded when the current arc across this gap is the dielectric strength breakdown strength of the insulating liquid. Contaminants such as water, carbon, sediment and conducting particles can reduce the dielectric strength of insulating oil. Clean dry oil has an inherently high dielectric strength but this does not indicates the absence of all contaminates, it may indicate that the amount of contaminants present between the electrodes is not large enough to affect the average breakdown voltage of the liquid. Power transformers are often operated under aged conditions. Thus the moisture content in oil increases, aging products become dissolved and particles are dispersed. Besides that, transformers are operated under novel environmental conditions, were low or high pressures exist. A safe service necessitates the thorough investigation of these influences. 1.3 Problem Statement Monitoring system of transformer oil existing is usually done in periodically. Duration of each use of transformer oil has been established within a time period for the replacement of the new transformer oil. So, the used transformer oil cannot be fully ensured in accordance with the standards set and this could cause a disruption in the operation of transformer. In addition, the monitoring system of transformer oil existing is expensive as well as the impact of waste oil is hazardous and cannot be disposed of. Thus, a permanent monitoring system of transformer oil with minimal costs should be established to ensure the transformer oil is always good quality to use. 1.4 Objectives The objectives of the project are important to ensure the research will fulfill the solution of the problem of the research. There are intentions conducting the research are shown below:- To study on the transformer oil and the maintenance procedures. To design a dielectric test device for transformer oil with using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment. 1.5 Scopes The scopes of the project are important to ensure every step is followed in completing the research. The scopes also could be important reference to gain related data or information of the research. Those are the scopes of the project:- To study on the quality of transformer oil. To study on the dielectric strength of transformer oil. To study the maintenance of oil immersed distribution transformer. Literature research about the monitoring of Dielectric Breakdown of transformer oil. To design a Dielectric Strength testing circuit. To analyze the result of Dielectric Strength testing. 1.6 Thesis Outline In preparing this project, the development of any information obtained should be gathered and described in each chapter are contained in the project report. Each chapter will discuss some important issues. Through this project, Chapter 1 as an introduction to the project discuss on overview of the project, background problem and problem statement. The objectives and scopes of the project were also discussed in this chapter. Then, Chapter 2 will explain in an inclusive literature review of transformers, transformer oil, the methods of monitoring and maintenance of transformer oil, equipments or tools required and software programming suitable for design the Dielectric Strength testing circuit. Next, Chapter 3 will describe the methodology used in preparing this project. This chapter is important to ensure that methods and tools used systematically and effectively. Chapter 4 will give an explanation and analysis of the circuit to be designed. This chapter also includes the methods and results of tests carried out by using the circuit designed. Problems occur in doing this project and steps to overcome the problems also discussed in this chapter. Finally, Chapter 5 which is the last chapter in this project as the conclusion of the project and some suggestions for further research on this project. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Transformer is one of the most useful appliances ever invented. Transformer can raise or lower the voltage or current in alternating current (AC) network, the circuit can be isolated from one another, and to increase or decrease the apparent value of a capacitor, inductor, or resistor. Furthermore, the transformer allows us to transmit electricity long distances and to circulate safely in factories and homes. (Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems, 6th Edition). The cost of a transformer is high. The failure of one transformer resulted in a loss in terms of the price of one transformer or in terms of energy supply disruptions to consumers. Therefore, to monitor the transformer oil is one the right way and good for detecting the causes of damage to transformers. 2.2 Transformer Transformer is one of the most important electrical devices. Transformer is widely used in power systems and electronic devices. Transformer can also raise and lower voltage levels and the alternating current to suit application. Transformer can transfer power from one section to another on the same frequency but different voltage levels and currents. Transformer basically consists of two coils of a conductor which acts as an inductor electrically separate but magnetically attached. Transformer consists of two loops wrapped around the core base, core and coil which are a part of the transformer structures. Figure 2.1 shows the general structure of a transformer. When alternating current connected to the transformer primary windings, current will flow through the primary winding. Alternating current flows will create an alternating magnetic flux in the transformer core. The magnetic flux can flow to the secondary winding of the transformer through the transformer core. According to the Faraday law, the electromotive force or voltage is induced in the coil-winding transformer when the flux is changes in value. Because of the magnetic flux in the transformer core is an alternating flux whose value is constantly changing over time, the electromotive force or voltage is always induced in the coil-winding transformer. Electromotive force in the primary winding is known as the self-induced electromotive force is due to the flux generated by the coil itself. While the electromotive force induced in the secondary winding is known as mutual induction electromotive force due to the induced electromotive force is caused by magnetic flux generated from the primary winding. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is comparable to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows: VsVp= NsNp (2.1) By the selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an AC voltage to be stepped up by making Ns greater than Np, or stepped down by making Ns less than Np. There are many types of transformer are designed to meet the specific industrial applications. These include autotransformer, control, current, distribution, general-purpose, instrument, isolation, potential (voltage), power, step-up, and step-down. To avoid rapid damage of the insulating materials inside a transformer, sufficient cooling of the windings and the core must be provided. Indoor transformers below 200 kVA can be directly cooled by the natural flow of the surrounding air. The metallic housing is equipped with ventilating louvres so that the convection currents that can flow over the windings and around the core. Large transformers can be constructed in the same way, but the forced circulation of fresh air must be provided. Such as a dry-type transformers are used inside the building, away from the hostile atmosphere. Distribution transformers below 200 kVA are usually immersed in mineral oil and sealed in a steel tank. Oil carries the heat away to the tank, which it is lost by radiation and convection to the outside air. Insulating oil is much better than air, consequently, it is often used in high voltage transformers. As the power rating increased, external radiators are added to increase cooling surface of the tank contains oil. Oil circulates around the transformer windings and moving through the radiator, where heat released into the surrounding air. For still higher levels, cooling fans blow air over the radiators. For transformers in the megawatt range, cooling can be effected by the oil-water heat exchanger. Hot oil drawn from the transformer tank is pumped into the heat exchanger where it flowing through the pipes that are in contact with cold water. Such as heat exchanger are very effective, but also very expensive, because water itself must continuously cool and recirculated. Some large transformers are designed to have multiple ratings, depending on the cooling method used. Thus, the transformer may have triple ratings depending on whether it is cooled by: the natural circulation of air (AO) for 18000 kVA, or forced-air cooling with fans (FA) for 24000 kVA, or the forced circulation of oil accompanied by forced-air cooling (FOA) for 32000 kVA. These elaborate cooling systems are nevertheless economical because they enable a much greater output from the transformer of a given size and weight. The type of transformer cooling is designated by the following symbols: AA dry-type, self-cooled AFA dry-type, forced-air cooled OA oil-immersed, self-cooled OA/FA oil-immersed, self-cooled/forced-air cooled AO/FA/FOA oil-immersed, self-cooled/forced-air cooled/forced-air, forced-oil cooled The temperature rise by the resistance of oil-immersed transformers is either 55C or 65C. The temperature must be kept low to preserve the oil quality. By contrast, the temperature rise of dry-type transformer may be as high as 180C, depending on the type of insulation used. 2.3 Transformer Oil Transformer oil or insulating oil is usually a highly refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil-filled transformers. Transformer oil is like the blood in the body of transformer. It must be periodically tested to monitor condition of the transformer. Transformer oil serves three basic functions which are to insulate, to cool and maintain the transformer functions at all times. To keep these functions the industry has agreed on certain standards. The two leading transformer oil specifications in the world are IEC 60296 and ASTM D 3487. In these standards there are many specific requirement and limits based on physical and chemical properties. Many of these properties and their limitations derived from the chemistry of refined mineral oils in combination with application specific requirements of electrical insulation. In an age when alternative to mineral oil being developed, it is important both to know what is desirable and what is likely to achieved in technical terms. Whereas some brands of transformer oil could only meet the specifications, the others excel. In the end, transformer oil consumers should decide which properties are most important to their intended use. Technical specifications also have an impact on issues such as asset management, maintenance planning and investment budget. To help make decisions in these areas it is helpful to have a basic understanding of the science underlying specifications and limitations. In Malaysia, mostly used transformer oil is mineral crude oils (uninhibited mineral oils) which contains Paraffic, Naphteric or mixed. It is supplied by Hyrax Oil Sdn. Bhd. 2.3.1 Transformer Oil Properties The main function of transformer oil is insulating and cooling of the transformer. Thus, it should have the following properties: High dielectric strength and good dielectric properties resulting in minimum power loss. Low viscosity improves cooling. Freedom from inorganic acids, alkali, and corrosive sulphur. Resistant to emulsification. Rapid settling of arc products. Low pour point. High flash point resulting in low evaporation losses due to high thermal stability. High resistivity gives better insulation values between windings. Excellent interfacial tension for quick water separation. Proven resistance to electrical stresses. High electrical strength. Remarkably low sludge and acidity formation in both ageing and oxidation tests gives longer life to oil and equipment during storage and service. 2.3.2 Theory of Transformer Oil Parameters a) Water Content The standard for measuring water content in oil is IEC 60814. (Marcel Dekker, 1990). The important function in transformer oil is to provide electrical insulation. When oil has higher moisture content, it can reduce the insulating properties of the oil, which can cause dielectric breakdown. This is the particular importance with fluctuating temperatures because, transformer will cools down if any dissolved water will become free and this oil become poor insulating power and fluid degradation. (Azliza binti Mohd Jelan,2009). b) Breakdown Voltage Dielectric strength is one of the important characteristic in insulation field. Breakdown voltage of the insulating material is the maximum electric field strength that it can be withstand intrinsically without breaking down and without failure of its insulating properties, dielectric strength also means that a certain configuration and electrode dielectric material that produces minimal damage to the electric field. (Rohaina bt Jaafar, 2003). Breakdown strength in liquid according to various factors influenced in the experiment which is electrode material and surface state, geometry electrode, the presence of chemical pollutants, the presence of physical pollutants, oil molecular structure, temperature and pressure. There also various factors in the theory of voltage breakdown which is like electronic theory, suspended particle theory, cavitations theory and bubble theory were postulated. (Olive Oil from the Tree to the Table). Dielectric strength also depends on the time and method of tension, purity materials, the type of tension as well as experimental and environmental parameters, until set of dielectric strength unique to the specific material is difficult, a range of values can be found and used for application purposes. (Noraniza binti Toriman, 2003). 2.3.3 Types of Transformer Oil a) Mineral Transformer Oil (Mineral Based Oil) A mineral oil is a liquid by product of the petroleum refineries to produce gasoline and other petroleum based products from crude oil. A mineral oil in this sense is transparent and colourless oil composed mainly of alkenes and cyclic paraffin, related to. Mineral oil is a substance of relatively low value, and it is produced in very large amounts. Mineral oil is available in light and heavy grades, and can often be found in drug stores. There are three basic classes of refined mineral oils: Paraffinic oils, based on n-alkenes. Naphthenic oils, based on cycloalkanes. Aromatic oils, based on aromatic hydrocarbons. Table 2.1 Properties of Mineral Transformer Oil (https://www.substech.com) Property Value in metric unit Value in US unit Density at 60F (15.6C) 0.880 *10 kg/m 54.9 lb/ft Kinematic viscosity at 68F (20C) 22 cSt 22 cSt Kinematic viscosity at 212F (100C) 2.6 cSt 2.6 cSt Fire point 170 C 338 F Pour Point -50 C -58 F Flash point 160 C 320 F Auto ignition point 280 C 536 F Specific heat capacity 1860 J/(kg*K) 0.444 BTU/(lb*F) Thermal conductivity at 20C (68F) 0.126 W/(m*K) 0.875 BTU*in/(hr*ft*F) Thermal expansion at 20C (68F) 7.5*10-4 C 4.2*10-4 in/(in* F) Breakdown strength min.70 kV min.70 kV Dielectric dissipation factor at 90C (194F) max.0.002 max.0.002 Permittivity at 20C (68F) 2.2 2.2 b) Silicon Transformer Oil (Polydimethylsiloxane based fluid) Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that is often referred to as silicones. PDMS is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is known for its unusual rheological properties. PDMS is optically clear, and, in general, is considered to be inert, non-toxic and non-flammable. It is called dimethicone and is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane). Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is present, also, in shampoos, caulking, lubricating oils, and heat-resistant tiles. Table 2.2 Properties of Silicon Transformer Oil (https://www.substech.com) Property Value in metric unit Value in US unit Density at 60F (15.6C) 0.960 *10 kg/m 59.9 lb/ft Kinematic viscosity at 68F (20C) 55 cSt 55 cSt Kinematic viscosity at 212F (100C) 15 cSt 15 cSt Fire point min.350 C min.662 F Pour Point max.-50 C max.-58 F Flash point min.300 C min.572 F Auto ignition point 435 C 815 F Specific heat capacity 1510 J/(kg*K) 0.360 BTU/(lb*F) Thermal conductivity at 20C (68F) 0.15 W/(m*K) 1.019 BTU*in/(hr*ft*F) Thermal expansion at 20C (68F) 10.4*10-4 C 5.8*10-4 in/(in* F) Breakdown strength 50 kV 50 kV Dielectric dissipation factor at 90C (194F) max.0.001 max.0.001 Permittivity at 20C (68F) 2.7 2.7 c) Synthetic Transformer Oil (Organic Esters Based Fluid) Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds which are synthesized using chemically modified petroleum components rather than whole crude oil. Synthetic oil is used as a substitute for lubricant refined from petroleum when operating in extremes of temperature, because it generally provides superior mechanical and chemical properties than those found in traditional mineral oils. Table 2.3 Properties of Synthetic Transformer Oil (https://www.substech.com) Property Value in metric unit Value in US unit Density at 60F (15.6C) 0.970 *10 kg/m 60.6 lb/ft Kinematic viscosity at 68F (20C) 70 cSt 70 cSt Kinematic viscosity at 212F (100C) 5.3 cSt 5.3 cSt Fire point 322 C 612 F Pour Point -60 C -76 F Flash point 275 C 527 F Autoignition point 438 C 820 F Specific heat capacity 1880 J/(kg*K) 0.448 BTU/(lb*F) Thermal conductivity at 20C (68F) 0.144 W/(m*K) 0.98 BTU*in/(hr*ft*F) Thermal expansion at 20C (68F) 7.5*10-4 C 4.2*10-4 in/(in* F) Breakdown strength min.75 kV min.75 kV Dielectric dissipation factor at 90C (194F) max.0.006 max.0.006 Permitivity at 20C (68F) 3.2 3.2 2.3.4 Transformer Oil Testing Regular sampling and testing of insulation oil taken from the transformer is a valuable technique in the preventative maintenance program. The transformer can be used longer if a proactive approach undertaken based on the transformer oils condition. Hence, transformer oil must be periodically tested to ensure its basic electrical properties. These tests can be divided into: a) Liquid Power Factor The IEC standard method for this test is IEC 247. This involves measuring the power loss through a thin film of liquid test. Water, contamination, and the decay products of oil oxidation tend to increase the power factor of oil. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) b) Dielectric Breakdown Strength The dielectric breakdown voltage is a measure of the ability of the oil to withstand electric stress. Dry and clean oil showed the inherent high breakdown voltage. Free water and solid particles, especially the latter in combination with high levels of dissolved water, tend to migrate to areas of high electric stress and dramatically reduce the breakdown voltage. The measurement of breakdown voltage, therefore, serves primarily to indicate the presence of contaminants such as water or conducting particles. A low breakdown voltage can be indicating that one or more of these are present. However, a high breakdown voltage does not necessarily indicate the absence of all contaminants. This test was conducted in accordance with IEC 156. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) c) Moisture The purpose of dielectric tests are conducted is to ensure the monitoring moisture can be done directly. IEC 733 is a well established and can measure the moisture down to the low part of the million levels. While the acceptable values have been set by the voltage class for moisture, these are somewhat misleading. A truer picture of moisture in the transformer must be taken into account so that percentage saturation of the oil by moisture and percentage moisture by dry weight of the solid insulation can be calculated. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) d) Neutralization Number (Acidity) This value, measured by IEC standard method IEC 1125A reported as mg KOH / g sample, reports the relative amount of oil oxidation products, especially acids, alcohol and soap. As oil continues to oxidize, the acid increased gradually, generally over the years. Running the acid number regularly provides guidance as to how far oxidation of the oil has proceeded. The acceptable limit by the test is usually used as general guidelines to determine when the oil should be replaced or reclaimed. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) e) Interfacial Tension The test methods for interfacial tension (IFT), IEC 6295, measuring the strength in mN/m from the interface that will form between service aged oil and distilled water. Because the decay products of oil oxidation are oil and water soluble, their presence would tend to weaken the interface and reduce the interfacial tension value. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) f) Colour/Visual Field inspection of liquid insulation (IEC 296) includes examination for the presence of cloudy or sediment and the general appearance as well as a colour inspection. As oil ages, it will be darken gradually. Very dark oil or oil that changes drastically over a short period of time may indicate a problem. Any cloudiness or sediment indicates the presence of free water or particles that may be harmful to continued the equipment operation. Taken alone, without considering the past history or other test parameters, the colour is not very important to diagnose transformer problems. If the oil has an acrid or unusual odor, consideration should be given to carrying out further tests. (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) g) Sludge/Sediment The IEC 296 test distinguishes between the sediment and sludge. Sediment is an insoluble substance present in the oil. Sediment may consist of insoluble oxidation or degradation products of solid or liquid materials, solid products such as carbon or metallic oxide and fibres or other foreign matter. Sludge is polymerized oxidation products of solid and liquid insulating material. Sludge is soluble in oil up to a certain limit. At sludge levels above this, the sludge comes out of the solution contributing an additional component to the sediment. The presence of sludge and sediment can change the electrical properties of the oil and prevent the exchange of heat, so encouraging damage to the insulating material. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) h) Inhibitor Content Inhibited oil deteriorates more slowly than uninhibited oil so long as active oxidation inhibitor is present. However, after the oxidation inhibitor is consumed, the oil can be oxidized at a higher level. Determination of oxidation inhibitor remaining in the in-service transformer oil is based on IEC 666. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) i) Dissolved Gas Analysis The purpose and functions of the DGA is to provide an indication as to whether there may be an active or incipient transformer fault affecting the operation and continued health of the equipment. DGA is used to detect and measure nine of dissolved gases which are Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Methane, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Ethan, Ethylene, and Acetylene. (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) j) Dissolved Metals Analysis Analysis of dissolved metals can be used in further identifying the location of transformer faults discovered by dissolved gas analysis. For example, the dissolved metal analysis indicating the presences of conductor metals may indicate a fault is occurring in the winding or at a connection while the presence of iron indicates involvement of the core steel. (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) k) Furanic Compounds When paper breaks down, the cellulose chains are broken and glucose molecules (which serve as the building blocks of the cellulose) are chemically changed. Each of the glucose monomer molecules that are removed from the polymer chain becomes one of a series of related compounds called furans or furanic compounds. Because these furanic compounds are partially soluble in oil, they are present in both the oil and the paper. Measuring the concentration of the oil can tell us a little more about the paper. The standard method typically tests for five compounds that are normally only present in the oil as a result of the paper breaking down. (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) 2.3.4Instrument / Device for Transformer Oil Testing a) Oil Test Set (Megger OTS 60 PB) The OTS 60PB is a 0 60 kV, battery powered portable dielectric strength oil test set. Its size and weight make it suitable for on-site assessment of insulating oil quality. The dielectric strength test it performs is an important deciding factor in knowing whether to retain or replace the oil. Breakdown voltage is measured, averaged and displayed under the control of built-in programmed sequences. Go/no-go testing is available. OTS 60PB follows the oil testing sequences described in many national and other specifications among which are: British BS 148, BS 5730a (automatic proof testing), BS 5874; International IEC 156, American ASTM D877 ASTM D1816, German VDE 0370, French NFC 27, Spanish UNE 21, Italian CEI 10-1, Russian GOCT 6581, South African SABS 555, Australian AS 1767 and Institute of Petroleum IP 295. Two types of withstand (proof) testing of an oil sample are available. The principle with these tests is to subject the oil sample to a specified voltage for a defined length of time (1 minute) to see if it will withstand that voltage. In one of the tests the voltage is removed after a minute, in the other test, the voltage continues to rise after the minute until breakdown or the maximum value is reached. Withstand (proof) tests can be set up to the users own requirements, and then repeatedly called up to quickly test oil under known fixed conditions. The OTS 60PB is used for determining the dielectric strength of liquid insulants such as insulating oils used in transformers, switchgear, cables and other electrical apparatus. It is portable and suitable for testing on site as well as in the laboratory. The test set is fully automatic. The operator has only to prepare the test vessel, load it with sample oil, place it in the test chamber, select the appropriate specification for the tests and then start the test sequence. The test set carries out automatically (and if necessary unattended) the sequence of tests as defined by the pre-selected national specification. Oil testing specifications, for which the set is pre-programmed, are as follows:- A 5 minute test sequence is also provided so that the operator may quickly obtain an idea of the breakdown value of an oil sample. Two types of semi automatic withstand (proof) testing of an oil sample are available. The principle with these tests is to subject the oil sample to a specified voltage for a defined length of time (1 minute) to see if it will withstand that voltage. In one of the tests the voltage is removed after a minute, in the other test the voltage continues to rise after passing for one minute until breakdown or the maximum value is reached. Withstand (proof) tests can be set up to the users own requirements, and then repeatedly called up to quickly test oil under known fixed conditions. The test results can be reviewed on the LCD or printed via the RS232 interface. An optional, battery operated printer is available to obtain a hard copy of the results. The safety features incorporated in the test sets design include two forced break switches used as described in B S 5304. These are interlocked with the oil vessel loading door. b) Volumetric titration system Metrohm Titrino SM 702 An automatic potentiometric titration system Titrino SM 702 with Exchange Unit 806 made by Metrohm measured the acidity of the oils. Here the Total Acid Number (TAN) was determined by a volumetric titration with potash to neutralize the carboxylic acids. The titration took place as follows: At first 10 g of the oil were dissolved in 40 ml of solvent toluene / ethanol in a ratio of 5 to 4. Potash (KOH, 0.1 mol/l) was added as titre with volume increments of 0.001 ml or 0.005 ml depending on the expected acidity. The system detects, when the acid-base-equivalence-point EP is reached by a voltage measurement in the solution. From the volume of potash at the EP equation below calculates the acidity as TAN: TAN= EP1-C31.C01.CO2.CO3CO0 (2.2) TAN total acid number EP1 equivalent point C31 blind value of the solvent toluene/ethanol CO1 0.1 mol/L, concentration of titre CO2 1 CO3 56106 g/mol, molar mass of titre CO0 weight of the oil sample c) Kelman TRANSPORT X Portable DGA Unit And Moisture In Oil Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is recognised as the most important test in monitoring power transformers. It is now being successfully extended to other oil filled equipment such as tap changers and circuit breakers. The TRANSPORT X unit has been designed to be very rugged and user friendly with an emphasis placed on field operation. The unit is used by over 200 companies and utilities and has sold in excess of 600 units worldwide. The TRANSPORT X test uses state of the art infrared measurement technology to give accurate, reliable results in a matter of minutes. The TRANSPORT X product represents an invaluable tool for Asset Management and will increase the power of any DGA program. Extensive field and laboratory use worldwide has proven that the TRANSPORT X test gives highly reliable results and that it is genuinely suitable for field conditions. The TRANSPORT X equipment minimizes the risk of carryover between tests. With the ability to go from high gassed samples (such as tap changers) to subsequent low gassed samples (such as main tanks) with no contamination of results the user can confidently test all types of oil filled equipment. Internal diagnostic software helps to translate ppm data into valuable information by employing standard DGA interpretation rules e.g. Duvals triangle, key gas analysis etc. These established algorithms assist the user to analyse the condition of the transformer. The accompanying TransportPro PC software allows the user to download records to a PC database for export to Kelman PERCEPTION software or Excel. 2.4 Monitoring Method Basically, there are two method of monitoring transformer oil which is on-line monitoring and off-line monitoring. 2.4.1 On-Line Monitoring On-line monitoring and predictive technologies that have been used can reduce the inherent deficiencies in many current maintenance practices. Many of these technologies have become more intelligent so that it requires less expertise in interpreting the results. It is not always valid, and difficult for companies to hire enough qualified workers in each location to understand the various kinds of data from any types of equipment. More information provided by many monitors than the normal end user can understand, but is available to members for additional diagnostics and prognostics. A new acronym has emerged to Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED). Unfortunately there is no technology that is the Holy Grail for the assessment of electrical equipment. In many cases, several technologies must be used to perform a complete diagnosis. Most of the monitoring system designed to warn the user or unusual problems and provide more diagnostic data. Most of these technologies have been built in communications capability that allows you to forecast long-distance monitoring through Ethernet, serial communications such as Modbus, DNP 3.0 or customized data streams and wireless modems, and analog. Remote monitoring allows companies to streamline forecasting expertise in centralized locations or outsourcing to the right experts. This can be done continuously or periodically or event driven. Event driven systems send out reminders via, pager, phone, e-mail or fax to the right person, and then communicate back to the monitor for further analysis and recommendations. Most industrial facilities do little monitoring of their Power Transformers. Nowadays systems can control and monitor all aspects of a transformer including temperatures, loads, cooling systems, pressures, bushings and windings. Four great examples include: The monitoring of the loads on the cooling fans and pump circuits to indicate abnormal conditions such as locked rotor or loss of cooling capacity. Monitoring the temperature differential across the connection board between the main tank and the load tap changer compartment Continuous monitoring of the power factor and capacitance of High Voltage Bushing Central data concentrator and communication RTU for all third parties monitors such as Partial Discharge (PD) and DGA. 2.4.2 Off-Line Monitoring Off-line tests are go/no go tests. Most of the techniques whether electrical or chemical methods, and destructive or non-destructive methods, only provide partial information about the state of the insulation condition of power transformers. More advanced condition monitoring or condition assessment techniques have been developed and are now starting to come into more general use. They have been developed in response to the need for new materials assessment methods. However, in some advanced diagnostics tools are still in the developmental stage, either in the technical development or, more likely, in the methods of analysis and interpretation of the test data. Examples of Off-Line Monitoring: Recovery Voltage Measurement (RVM) Polarization and Depolarization Current Measurement (PDC) Frequency Domain Dielectric Spectroscopy (FDS) Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) PD Measurement RVM, PDC FDS are based on the use of the dielectric response of insulating materials to the application of electric fields Conductivity, Polarization Dielectric Response. 2.4.3Monitoring Method of Dielectric Breakdown There are several existing methods for measuring the dielectric strength of such interference, ASTM D877 ASTM D1816 and IEC 60156 method. . While these methods can often be performed on-site with portable equipment and are valuable laboratory tests, they suffer from poor repeatability, and due to their destructive nature, cannot be used on-line. Progress has been made in controlling the destructive energy released by the test device (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), West Conshohocken, PA, 1999), but not to the level or the payment to be suitable for use on-line. Like the arcs produced in contacting equipment, the arcs produced in the test instruments degrade the breakdown strength of the oil. Since the dielectric breakdown strength is the quantity under measurement, this limits the number of successive tests that can be run on a given sample. In the ASTM method, five-shot test performed on the samples provided before should be discarded. With only five samples, it may be difficult to obtain statistically valid representation of oil and, in fact, the ASTM standard allows the range of 92% of means a five-shot test will be valid. (ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2005) With some kind of chemistry and physical particulate contaminants are generally present, the oil can be a homogeneous media. Temperature variations can locally influence the relative saturation of moisture; turbulence of flow and proximity to sources of pollution can influence the type and concentration of particulate contaminants. So, it may be difficult to obtain a representative sample of the actual state of the oil with a small sample size used in the existing instruments and the limited number of test specimens to be drawn from the size of the oil compartment. The inhomogeneity of oil, combine with the fact that the number of test shots that can be restricted more to reduce the ability of existing test methods. It is not surprising that while the dielectric breakdown strength are important, lack of faith is placed on the ability of standard test methods to measure accurately. The key to both improving the accuracy of laboratory test methods and enabling on-line testing is the reduction of energy dissipated during the breakdown of the oil. If the shot did not damage the oil test, more test sample shots can be done and more accurate statistics can be developed. Traditionally, the test method is to use a big scheme, but simply to generate the high voltage necessary to break down the oil. This device comprises essentially a variable autotransformer which is used to increase tension in the cell test until damage occurs, at which point the relay to close off the current transformers. With all the energy stored in magnetic and capacitance of the transformer, the energy released into the cell into the test after the relay shut off (assuming that the relay works in real time) to several tens of joules. Many cheaper dielectric breakdown test set available today is still depending on the approach of the variable autotransformer. Recently, efforts have been made to reduce the energy lost during the damage even by using a resonant test set. These test sets limit the stored energy available during a breakdown event and can very quickly detect a breakdown and de-energize the test set. Such sets are capable of limiting the energy dissipated during a breakdown to a mere 20 mJ (American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1999). Unfortunately, this advanced capability comes at a price of complexity and cost, making this device a laboratory test device which is very good, but not suitable for use on-line. 2.5 National Instrument Company and Products National Instruments, NI is an American company with approximately 5,000 employees and does direct operations in 41 countries all over the world. The companys headquarter is in Austin, Texas and it is a producer of virtual instrumentation software and automated test equipment. The software products include LabVIEW, a graphical development environment, LabWindows/CVI, which provides VI, tools for C, TestStand, a test sequencing and management environment, and Multisim, which is formerly Electronics Workbench is an electrical circuit analysis program. Hardware products is including the VXI, VMEbus, and PXI frames and modules, as well as interfaces for GPIB, IC, and other industrial automation standards. The company also sell real-time embedded controllers, including CompactRIO and Compact FieldPoint. Applications which commonly used are data acquisition, instrument control and machine vision. National Instrument also is in the list of 100 best companies in the world (National Instrumen ts, 2009). 2.5.1 NI USB TC01 Thermocouple Measurement Device The NI USB-TC01 thermocouple measurement device with NI InstantDAQ technology features so that can directly take temperature measurements with the personnel computer (PC). Just plug in the device and it automatically loads the built-in software for viewing and logging data. No driver installation required. Connect to any USB port to use the PC as a display and monitor data in real time. The device is compatible with J, K, R, S, T, N, and B thermocouples, uses a standard miniplug so it easy to connect the device with the thermocouple. More applications for alarming, triggering, and scheduled data logging are available as free downloads. It also can build the applications with NI LabVIEW graphical programming and NI-DAQmx driver software for the further customization. (https://sine.ni.com/ds/app/doc/p/id/ds-215/lang/en). 2.5.1.1 NI InstantDAQ Technology The USB-TC01 with NIInstantDAQ technology features is automatically loads software for viewing and logging data after connecting the device to the computer. There is no previous driver installation required. The device simply plugs into the USB port, and loaded the USB-TC01 launch screen from built-in memory on the device. The current thermocouple reading will display at the launch screen so that the thermocouple type and temperature units can be configured. It can log data with the temperature logger application, open and customize the temperature logger source code inLabVIEW. (https://sine.ni.com/ds/app/doc/p/id/ds-215/lang/en). 2.5.1.2 Built-In Temperature Logger The USB-TC01 temperature logger can load directly from the USB-TC01 launch screen. It can graph live measurements with the temperature logger and log data with timestamps to a text file. (https://sine.ni.com/ds/app/doc/p/id/ds-215/lang/en). 2.5.1.3 Taking Measurements with Software a) Logging Temperature From the NI USB-TC01 Launch Screen, click Temperature Logger.In the NI USB-TC01 Temperature Logger window that opens, select the Thermocouple Typeand Temperature Units. If want to capture, or log, the temperature readings, select Log Data. Click Start to acquire NI USB-TC01 and graphs the temperature until click Stop. Click View Logto open the log file. (USER GUIDE AND SPECIFICATIONS; NI USB-TC01 Single Channel Thermocouple Input Module). b) Downloading Additional Application Additional ready-to-run applications that provide added functionality for the NI USB-TC01 is available as free download. It can access these applications by selecting Do More with your NI USB-TC01from the NI USB-TC01 Launch Screen. (USER GUIDE AND SPECIFICATIONS; NI USB-TC01 Single Channel Thermocouple Input Module). c) Creating Custom Software In addition to taking measurements with the NI USB-TC01 Launch Screen, it can also build with LabVIEW and NI-DAQmx driver software for the NI USB-TC01. Graphical icons and wires that resemble a flowchart in LabVIEW can graphically wire together function blocks to create own applications for logging data, alarming, triggering, reporting, and performing real-time data analysis. (USER GUIDE AND SPECIFICATIONS; NI USB-TC01 Single Channel Thermocouple Input Module). 2.5.1.4 Connecting Input The NI USB-TC01 provides connections for one thermocouple. Thermocouple types J, K, R, S, T, N, E, and B are supported. The NI USB-TC01 has a two-prong uncompensated thermocouple input that accepts a standard two-prong male mini thermocouple connector. Connect the positive lead of the thermocouple connector to the TC+ terminal, and the negative lead of the thermocouple connector to the TC- terminal. Figure 2.13 shows the NI USB-TC01 terminal assignments. If it is unsure which of the thermocouple leads is positive and which is negative, check the thermocouple documentation or the thermocouple wire spool. For best results, NI recommends the use of insulated or ungrounded thermocouples when possible. If need to increase the length of the thermocouple, use the same type of thermocouple wires to minimize the error introduced by thermal EMFs. Temperature measurement errors depend in part on the thermocouple type, the temperature being measured, the accuracy of the thermocouple, and the cold-junction temperature. Error graphs for each thermocouple type connected to the NI USB-TC01 are shown in the specificationssection. (USER GUIDE AND SPECIFICATIONS; NI USB-TC01 Single Channel Thermocouple Input Module). 2.5.1.5NI USB-TC01 Circuitry The NI USB-TC01 devices thermocouple channel passes through a differential filter and is sampled by a 20-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC), as shown in Figure 2.13. (USER GUIDE AND SPECIFICATIONS; NI USB-TC01 Single Channel Thermocouple Input Module). 2.6 Discharge Circuit 2.6.1 High Voltage Zappers A high voltage can be generated using circuit shown in figure 2.14 by discharging the energy stored in a large-value capacitor through the primary winding of a high-turns-ratio step-up transformer. This is known a Capacitor-Discharge (CD) system. It is the same concept used by many of the high-performance auto-ignition systems to produce a super-hot spark and used by some of the top of the line electric fence chargers. CD ignition coil should be selected and use a 440uF, 75-100V DC electrolytic capacitor for C1 used to achieve a maximum spark. The voltage across C1 monitored using a DC voltmeter. R4 is adjusted so that the Q3 fires when the charging voltage across C1 reaches between 50-55 volts. It should produce a spark 1.25 to 1.5 inches long every second or so with that setting. C1 changed to a 10uF, 220VAC motor capacitor to obtain a faster pulse rate, with some reduction in the output. Experiment repeat with different component values to obtain the desired results. 2.6.2Vacuum Discharge Driven by a Magnetic Pulse Compression Circuit Low pressure discharges in a compact coaxial geometry were produced by applying either positive or negative high voltage pulses delivered by a three-stage magnetic pulse compression circuit. The driver provided repetitive pulses of up to 15 kV and 20 J maximum transferred energy per pulse. The inner electrode was a rod having either a pointed or flat end with sharp edges. When using the negative flat-end electrode, the breakdown occurred down to lower pressures (about 2.5mPa).The discharge was continued inside the inter electrode gap, and the discharge current had higher values (around 4 kA), the discharge characteristics being very reproducible. The measurements suggested that the field effect was responsible for the discharge onset in this configuration. On the other hand, low pressure discharges are interesting from the point of view of plasma radiation sources (e.g. lasers, electron sources, flash X-ray sources). For such radiation sources, it is important to have very reproducible breakdown, plasma development and emission parameters. Ahigh-power low-pressure discharge can be also used as fast switch or astriggering means for more powerful discharge configurations. This circuit concern on the breakdown and discharge characteristics for a large range of working power. 2.6.4Charge/Discharge Equalization Management Circuit Figure 2.18 shows a circuit is composed by one switch pipe Q, one diode D and one inductance L. The connection mode is that after Q and D is parallel connected, they are connected with L in series, and then respectively connected with the anode and the cathode of the battery, where, the cathode of D connects the anode of the battery and L connects the cathode of the battery. In the automatic equalization equipment of series-wound storage battery pile, various equalization circuits are series-wound. `This circuit can be used with charge management and discharge management at the same time, and they are independent each other, and the equalization manager can be started in any stage of charge/discharge. The equalization voltage management of charge/discharge enhances the coherence of the single battery, reduces the accumulated influences of disequilibrium factors, and better solves the problem of a great lot of battery discarding induced by hybrid series-wound batteries with differences in the electrical cars. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This project is a software and hardware development which is applied as testing equipment in monitoring transformer oil. To build this test circuit, some research must be done and planning should be made. These studies must be done in stages to facilitate the implementation of project work undertaken. In addition, the design and use of proper methods also need to ensure that the project is successfully implemented. 3.2 Project Activity In order to completing this project, every step taken must be organized and structured. This is to ensure that projects run according to proper procedure and follow the schedule before the deadline. This would avoid the duplication of the work when problems occur. Thus, a flow chart of the project should be created to help develop the work in order to complete this project. The first step to be taken is to obtain and review the information and data related to this project. Next is to identify tools and equipment needed to design a dielectric breakdown test circuit. The most important step in doing this project is to design a dielectric breakdown test circuit and doing the actual testing using the circuit which has designed to prove it can be used as a one of testing device for transformer oil. 3.3 Design the Dielectric Strength Test Circuit The circuit designed will be run automatically using Temperature Logger NI USB-TC01. Temperature Logger NI USB-TC01 is a software programme that contains data of temperature reading and can shows in form of a graph. This project begins from a small circuit that will flows the electricity and inject the voltage at the same time in the pure transformer oil. Then, the temperature of the oil will be taken using the thermocouple and NI USB-TC01. The temperature that has been measured will compare to the dielectric breakdown of transformer oil as in a theory. This procedure repeated for the mixture of pure oil and water. 3.4 Discharge Circuit Chosen After doing some research, the circuit as in Figure 3.3 has been chosen as most suitable circuit for this project. This circuit is cheap and efficient for 8-20 kHz flyback driver. The components needed to design this circuit are also easily obtained. This circuit use 12V DC voltage as the input and the flyback transformer (with ratio 1:100) which is connected to the circuit will step up the voltage so that the spark can be generated. The output voltage is about 1200V according to the ratio of the flyback transformer. 3.5 Monitoring Method In this project, a dielectric strength test done by using off-line monitoring. This test is conduct to determine the resistance of the insulation oil high-voltage AC flow (inject) before it was broken-dam (breakdown). This test can determine the moisture content, dust or other foreign objects such as objects fibrous. This test can be performed by taking samples of oil the former consisting of two probes. High voltage passes from the circuit built to the two probes and adjusted so that the two probes generate spark. Then, temperature reading of the transformer oil which is increase by time measured. 3.6 Testing Measures The test measures to be taken can be divided into two stages as follows: a) Testing function of the circuit Components are arranged as in the circuit diagram and soldered. Circuit is connected to a 12V power supply and switched on. Output voltage reading of the circuit is measured using a voltmeter. The circuit is turned off and then the flyback transformer is connected to the output point of the circuit. Two wires connected to the output point of the flyback transformer to be used as a substitute for probes. Then the distance between the two ends of the wire is adjusted to produce a spark. This step is repeated until the spark that gets clearer. b) Testing dielectric strength of transformer oil The testing container must be clean by two or three times with the oil to be tested. The oil samples filling up to the level indicated at the testing container and set up for testing. The test equipment set up as in Figure 3.7. The circuit switched on, the probes immersed in the oil and adjusted until it generate spark. The thermocouple also immersed in the oil to take the temperature readings. Then, the temperature of the transformer oil measure and the readings recorded. The results obtained compare to the standard data. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Introduction This chapter will discuss all the results and findings that were obtained after several tests done. Then, the results compared to the relevant theory. All the problems and difficulties encountered during testing done were also discussed in this chapter. 4.2 Testing Function of the Circuit Prior to testing transformer oil, the circuit was built to be tested firstly to determine whether it can function properly or not. Initially, the circuit tested without a flyback transformer. The output voltage of the circuit was measured and it shows that the output voltage of the circuit is equal to the input voltage. This means that the components in the circuit to function properly. Later, the flyback transformer is connected to the circuit. Purpose of using the flyback transformer is to increase the input voltage with a high ratio that spark can be generated. In this case, the output voltage cannot be measured by common voltmeter because theoretically the output voltage produced by the flyback transformer is large and exceeds the limit that can be used by ordinary voltmeter. It only can measure the voltage output from the flyback transformer by using a special voltage meters and high voltage probes. However, as in theory it would be spark only happens when high voltage is passe d through the two sources are brought closer. This can be proven when the two ends of the wire that serves as a replacement to the probes are placed within a certain distance, the spark can be generated. 4.3 Testing Transformer Oil Usually, transformer oil dielectric strength test is performed by using a special tool that can inject a high voltage in oil through two high voltage probes. This tool is too expensive. In this project, a short circuit with the use of flyback transformers designed to work as a special tool as in the theory. This project carried out tests and measurements methods slightly modified from the original method of taking temperature readings of oil after the oil is inject with the high voltage. The original method is by measuring the breakdown voltage. As all know, equipment for high voltage measurement is expensive. So, the measurement method was modified to achieve the objectives of this project. Modifications made are based on theories that have been studied. These tests performed on the original oil and mixed oil and moisture. After doing testing, the oil temperature was found that take too long time to increase and this causes make it less efficient. This is caused by the flyback transformer output voltage is small and the resulting spark is also small and not sufficient to heat the oil in a beaker. So, a little more varied testing method has be done to make oil temperature readings increase more easily. The oil is heated by using a solder that is based on the theory of the heaters warming. This method is effective enough to get a reading of the oil temperature rise for determine the oil dielectric strength test. The following are the results of tests conducted: Based on the two graphs obtained, it can found that the pure oil temperature increased sharply compared to the mixture of oil and moisture which has a lower increasing temperature rate. Theoretically, a mixture of oil and water are two different forms of chemical properties. So, the dielectric strength of the two liquids is different and causing the temperature increase rate of the mixture is slow. Thus, the dielectric strength can determine by this test. Hence, it also can determine that the transformer oil is purely substance or mix with other properties. CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction This chapter discusses the conclusions that can be made based on the results obtained and the method of solution which has been done to solve the problems faced in completing this project. Some suggestions are also described in this chapter for continued research on this project in future. 5.2 Conclusion In conclusion, this project partially achieves the objectives and scopes of the project. From this project, a small circuit with suitable electronic components can be designed to generate the output voltage higher than the input voltage by generate the spark and the reading of the measurement system can also be done using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) equipments. This shows that a measuring instrument for dielectric strength of transformer oil can be designed with more simple and cheaper than existing equipments. However, there are some constraints and limitations of the circuit that have been built as a means of testing such as producing a small spark as the small output voltage and the electronic component parts can not last long and become hot due to the feedback response voltage of the flyback transformer. Measurement of temperature readings is also unstable, while the reading for high-voltage output cannot be taken with common measuring tools. Later in, some of suggestions and recommendations to be considered to improve this project that has been carried out for the further research. 5.3 Recommendations Some recommendations can be given to meet the needs for further research on this project in the future. The recommendations are as follows: a) Produce greater spark The circuit has been designed in this project can be improved further by using electronic components that are better suited to produce a larger spark as the output voltage is more higher. The use of flyback transformer also must being suitable to the circuit that will be designed for the great ratio. b) Good electronic components The electronic components that will being use in the circuit for the future research must have a good quality and can function longer due to the feedback response of flyback transformer. The most important thing is the use of electronic components used must be in accordance with the proper values. c) Transformer oil testing equipment A dynamic testing device can be designed and not just focus on the measurement of oil temperature and dielectric strength tests where the results of the oil quality is more precise and clear. d) Appropriate measurement tools Appropriate measurement tools should be used to facilitate the taking of appropriate reading can be done while ensuring that the readings taken are accurate and stable e) Equipment and laboratory facilities Equipment and laboratory facilities are based is crucial for carrying out project work related to the high voltage and electrical power. This is very important to ensure personal safety and equipment while doing the work of testing and training.